Chapters 12-13

Question 1

anterograde amnesia

Answer 1

a memory disorder in which information learned after the onset of the amnesia cannot be retrieved
- an inability to create new permanent memories

Question 2

retrograde amnesia

Answer 2

• a memory disorder in which information learned before the onset of the amnesia cannot be retrieved
• learn new but nothing old

Question 3

what two things have to happen in order to recall an event

Answer 3

1. experience must be stored

2. memory must be retrieved - long term

Question 4

How do we measure memory of past events?

Answer 4

explicit and implicit methods

Question 5

2 explicit measures of memory

Answer 5

recall and recognition

Question 6

recall

Answer 6

• access a memory
• free recall: no cues ex: “what’d you have for dinner?”
• cued recall: signals are present ex: “what’d you have at the restaurant?”

Question 7

recognition

Answer 7

• memory involves deciding if importation is accurate

- forced choice recognition: choosing correct information among incorrect information

Question 8

2 implicit measures of memory

Answer 8

Saving scores and Reaction time

Question 9

Saving score

Answer 9

• subtract number of trials it takes to relearn a task from number of trials original learning
• Ebbinghaus

Question 10

Reaction Time

Answer 10

• presented with the stimulus and time it takes to react is recorded

Question 11

Atkinson and Shiffrin

Answer 11

• human memory best conceptualized as a series of memory structures through which information must pass

Question 12

structures of storage

Answer 12

• sensory register, short term store, and long term store

Question 13

sensory register

Answer 13

• model begins with simple assumptions only raw physical features of the stimulus become represented in memory
• 5 issues
  1. kept briefly (function) - takes in information until it can be processed (0.25-2 seconds)
  2. Initial impression (capacity) - large amounts of information initially because we do not know what is important
  3. not all stored (forgetting) - result of delay
  4. decays rapidly (duration) - brief
  5. different types (modality) - separate store for each sense

Question 14

short term storage

Answer 14

• limited storage
• duration effected by 2 processes
  1. stays while it is being processed (rehearsed)
  2. only limited amount of information can be retained, currently thinking about it

Question 15

long term storage

Answer 15

• unlimited capacity
• once represented in long term storage memories can be maintained indefinitely
• episodic vs semantic memories
• forgetting not forgotten- just lose access

Question 16

2 things that prevent recall

Answer 16

1. interference- presence of other memories

2. decay: absnece of a specific stimulus

Question 17

sensory register two things that are focused

Answer 17

• focused on two sensory systems: visual and auditory

Question 18

iconic memory

Answer 18

George Sperling- storage of visual info in sensory register

1. an icon is a copy of the visual experience
2. iconic memory lasts for a brief period

Question 19

echoic memory

Answer 19

• Moray, Bates, and Barnett- evaluated echoic memory
• subject sat alone in room with 4 high fidelity speakers
• some trials report as many letters as possible, auditory better to put attention in specific space, some trials were to report letters from one speaker
• Wingfield and Byrnes- typical duration of echo is 2 seconds

Question 20

short term storage and the five major characteristics

Answer 20

1. brief storage span
2. memories easily disrupted by new experiences
3. storage capacity is limited
4. main function to organize and analyze information
5. has a rehearsal function; maintenance and elborative

Question 21

long term storage and the three characteristics

Answer 21

1. memories are permanent
2. episodic- time and place
3. semantic- use of language

Question 22

Forgetting Benton Underwood

Answer 22

10 major memory attributes

1. acoustic
2. orthographic
3. frequency
4. spatial
5. temporal
6. modality
7. context
8. affective=emotional
9. verbal associative
10. transformational

Question 23

forgetting

Answer 23

deterioration in performance of learned behavior following a retention interval

Question 24

retention interval

Answer 24

a period during which learning or practice of the behavior does not occur

Question 25

3 ways to check forgetting

Answer 25

1. free recall (Jack and Jill)
2. prompted recall (Football game)
3. recognition (cues)

Question 26

Ways to reduce forgetting

Answer 26

1. Over learn; training that goes beyond
2. Mnemonics; any advice for aiding recall
3. Context cues; state dependent learning
4. Distribute practice; over a period of time
5. Prompts; best used during learning

Question 27

3 theories to forgetting

Answer 27

1. Decay
2. Interference
3. Absence of a particular stimulus

Question 28

Decay Theory

Answer 28

• Jenkins and Dallenbach; memories that aren’t used will be lost
• retention of nonsense syllables 1,2,4,8 hours
• 1/2 slept and 1/2 awake
• Ekstrand - subjects with no prior paired association tasks

Question 29

Interference Theory

Answer 29

• two types (Proactive and Retroactive)
• Melton and Irwin - competition is the only cause of proactive interference competition and unlearning produce retroactive interference

Question 30

Proactive

Answer 30

can’t remember recent cause of passed experiences

Question 31

Retroactive

Answer 31

can’t remember past caused by current experiences

Question 32

Absence of a particular stimulus

Answer 32

• Craik and Tulving; elaborates of memory the extent events are related
• Elizabeth Loftus; memory reconstruction, alteration of a memory to correspond to an individuals expectations

Question 33

Accuracy of a eyewitness testimony

Answer 33

• Loftus (1980); significant relation between memory and reconstruction and accuracy of eyewitness testimony
• Loftus and Zanni; red sports car, headed for collision, subjects were asked if there was a stop sign vs a yield sign.

Question 34

3 things that were susceptibility of misinformation

Answer 34

1. number of times information was reported
2. plausibility of information
3. strong emotions
   * the greater the the distress the greater the memory*

Question 35

Does memory reconstruction permanently change memory?

Answer 35

• memory still exists: uncertain whether original or reconstructed memory is accurate
• misleading information: cannot discriminate between real and suggested events

Question 36

False Memory Syndrome

Answer 36

• differing opinions on existence
• create of in accurate record of childhood sexual abuse
• false memory syndrome foundation

Question 37

Loftus and Coan

Answer 37

• Innocence project
• told them false story of being lost at the mall but was able to recall emotional memory of a false event
• false memory in trial can create societal injustice

Question 38

What are the limits of learning?

Biological Influences

Answer 38

• preparedness- Martin Seligman; three steps of preparedness

Question 39

What were the three steps of preparedness according to Martin Seligman?

Answer 39

Prepared- biological structure facilitates learning
Contraprepared- biological structure prevents learning
Unprepared- biological character neither facilitates nor prevents learning

Question 40

Keller and Marian Breland

Answer 40

Animal misbehavior
taught exotic behavior to animals
ex: pig eating at the dinner table

Question 41

Instinctive Drift

Answer 41

deterioration of an operant behavior with continued reinforcement

Question 42

Animal Misbehavior

Answer 42

the instinctive behavior which prevented the continued effectiveness of the operant response

Question 43

Timberlake, Wahl, and King

Answer 43

• seen that both operant and Pavlovian conditioning produced it
• misbehavior is species specific
• misbehavior occurs—> stimuli resembles natural cues in terms of similarity and temporal proximity to food
• food cannot be from the natural environment and that leads to to no drift or misbehavior

Question 44

2 reasons that animal misbehavior does not occur in most operant conditioning

Answer 44

1. cues present during conditioning do not look like natural cues that elicit instinctive foraging behaviors
2. these instinctive behaviors are not reinforced

Question 45

Sign tracking aka autoshaping

Answer 45

• pavlovian conditioning causes autoshaping

- produced in which a stimulus is followed by a reinforcer no matter the behavior

Question 46

Konrad Lorenz

Answer 46

• instinctive species of animals and people are programmed to change in response to both successful and failed experiences
• experiences provide additional knowledge
• animals track and make contact with reward using environmental events that signal reward
• try different behaviors in order to get reward

Question 47

Imprinting- infant love

Answer 47

social attachment process; Konrad Lorenz
invovled in later sexual selection
important process when considering continuation of the species

Question 48

What are the 4 findings that say imprinting is unique?

Answer 48

1. irreversible
2. critical period
3. the more effort the stronger the imprinting (animals)
4. imprinting was stronger is animal was shocked

Question 49

Harry Harlow

Answer 49

research in primates
primates being attached to soft clothed fake monkey
found the importance of attachment between mother and primate for environmental health and growth

Question 50

Mary Ainsworth

Answer 50

importance of a warm responsive mother in the social attachment of human infants