Chapters 11/12- The Later Middle Ages And Renaissance Flashcards
Where did the bubonic plague originate?
Asia
How much did European population decline on account of the Black Death?
25-50%
In the 100 Years War, which English King laid claim to the French throne?
Edward lll
What battle seemed to have indicated an overall English victory in the 100 years war?
Battle of Agincourt, resulting in the temporary peace of Brétigny.
Where did Joan of Arc ask Edward lll to send her and an army against the English?
Orléans.
What happened to the Great Council under the reign of Edward lll?
Became House of Lords and formed hereditary body of peers in Parliament.
What did the “Golden Bull” of 1356 Germany allow?
Gave seven electors power to choose “King of the Romans”.
How were Italy and Germany politically similar in the 1300s?
Both regions failed to develop a centralized state with a king.
In 1300s Venice, who held the real executive power?
Council of Ten.
What major effect did the Great Schism have?
Heavily damaged faith of Christians.
What 1400s theologians said that reason could not prove the existence of God?
Thomas Aquinas and William of Occam.
What was the major work of Giovanni Boccaccio and when was it set?
“Decameron”- set in Florence during the Black Death.
What were the major works of Dante Alighieri and what were they about?
“Inferno,” “Divine Comedy”- a summary of medieval divine thoughts, including obsession with salvation.
What were the major inventions of the high Middle Ages?
Clock, eyeglasses, cotton paper, along with the adaptation of Chinese gunpowder and cannons.
Lord-vassal relationship
Money payments substituted for military service- prevalent in Middle Ages.
Renaissance
Rebirth of Classic Greek and Roman ideas and culture in the 1400s-late 1500s.
Which family dominated Florence economy during the renaissance?
Medici family.
How did Italian sponsors acquire enough money to fund Renaissance projects?
Trade
The French Third Estate was made up of _____ in the 1400s.
Made up of peasants.
How did people get married in Renaissance Italy?
Marriages were arranged.
What were the five major states of Renaissance Italy?
Naples, Papal States, Venice, Florence and Milan.
What was Machiavelli known for?
“The Prince,” described how to rule by taking advantage of man’s evil nature and making yourself look good while doing the dirty work behind the scenes.
Who was Johannes Gutenberg?
Inventor of the movable type printing press; printed the first book, Gutenberg’s Bible.
Which two Renaissance artists sculpted David?
Donatello and Michelangelo.
Who were the 4 major Renaissance painters?
Michelangelo, Raphael, da Vinci, and Boticelli.
Where was the War of the Roses?
England.
Who was the Byzantine Empire destroyed by?
Ottoman Turks, 1453.
John Wyclif
Pre-Protestant advocated against papal structure and emphasized translating Biblical works to the vernacular.
Hanseatic League
North European network of merchant guilds and market towns; powerful trade empire.
Petrarch
Renaissance writer- first to classify the “Middle Ages,” and as a dark time.
King Edward lll.
King who started the 100 Years War by laying claim to the French throne.
Who painted the Sistine Chapel?
Michelangelo.
Jan Hus
Theologian who spoke out against the church- executed at Council of Constance 1415.
Pogroms
Mass burnings of Jews at the stake in Germany during the Black Plague after they were blamed for poisoning wells.
Jacquerie
Group of peasants at the end of the Black Plague who revolted when the government tried to restrict their growing wealth.
Peace of Brétigny
Temporary peace during the 100 years war with England’s apparent win- French paid a fee and gave England the right to live in Gascony.
Treaty of Troyes
When English King Henry V made temporary peace with France when he married the daughter of the King and became the heir to the French throne.
Scutage
Mid-1400s English nobles’ payment to bands of fighters as private armies.
House of Commons
Under English Edward lll parliament to regulate money use derived from House of Lords.
War of the Roses
English civil war between the two houses York and Lancaster in the late 1300s.
Estates-General
French parliament including the nobles, clergy and the Third Estate (everyone else).
Taille & gabelle
Hearth & salt taxes on French middle class during the 100 years war.
Golden Bull
Edict under HRE Charles lV that stated nobles elected Emperors.
Popolo grasso
“Fat people” Italy’s wealthy merchant class
Grandi
Italian nobles
Ordinances of Justice
Florentine constitution set up by the popolo grasso 1293 that centered around 7 wealthy guilds.
Council of Ten
Venician merchant-dominated Senate.
Unam Sanctum
1302 Pope Boniface Vlll’s decree that spiritual authority was higher than any King, excommunicated French King Philip lV.
Great Schism
When both Italian and French cardinals elected two separate popes in Rome and Avignon- lasted 40 years.
Conciliarism
Belief that a general council was needed to have authority over the pope.
Council of Constance
1418 ended the Great Schism by electing Pope Martin V.
Mysticism
Focused on oneness with God’s spirit rather than church litergy.
Modern Devotion
Introduced by German Gerard Groote, the emphasis on imitating Jesus, not Pope.
Nominalist
Idea presented by Thomas Aquinas and William of Occam that reason couldn’t prove God’s existence.
4 Humors
Blood-heart-air
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