Chapters 11-12

Question 1

Something of value one cannot get without joining an organization.

Answer 1

Incentive

Question 2

Money or things valued in monetary terms.

Answer 2

Material incentives

Question 3

Assessments of a representative’s voting record on issues important to an interest group.

Answer 3

Ratings

Question 4

The social rewards that lead people to join political organizations.

Answer 4

Solidary incentives

Question 5

A benefit that comes from serving a cause or principle.

Answer 5

Purposive incentive

Question 6

Political organizations that attract members by appealing to their political convictions or principles.

Answer 6

Ideological interest groups

Question 7

A person who tries to influence legislation on behalf of an interest group.

Answer 7

Lobbyist

Question 8

A signal telling a legislator what values are at stake in a vote, and how that issue fits into his or her own political views on party agenda.

Answer 8

Political cue

Question 9

An organization of people sharing a common interest or goal that seeks to influence public policy.

Answer 9

Interest group

Question 10

A committee set up by a corporation, labor union, or interest group that raises and spends campaign money from voluntary funds.

Answer 10

Political action committee (PAC)

Question 11

A political organization whose goals will principally benefit nonmembers.

Answer 11

Public-interest lobby

Question 12

Media stories about events that, though public, are not regularly covered by reporters.

Answer 12

Feature stories

Question 13

A widely shared demand for change in some aspect of the social or political order.

Answer 13

Social movement

Question 14

A series, or log, of discussion items on a page of the world wide web.

Answer 14

Blog

Question 15

News coverage that focuses on who is ahead rather than on the issues.

Answer 15

Horse-race journalism

Question 16

What the official says can be used, but not attributed to anybody not even an anonymous source.

Answer 16

On deep background

Question 17

Media stories about events regularly covered by reporters.

Answer 17

Routine stories

Question 18

What the official says can be used but may not be attributed to him or her by name. Reporters often call such an anonymous source “a high-ranking official” or “a knowledgeable member of Congress”

Answer 18

On background

Question 19

Media stories about events that are not usually made public.

Answer 19

Insider stories

Question 20

A radio or video clip of someone speaking.

Answer 20

Sound bite

Question 21

The passage of this restricted the amount any interest could give to a candidate for federal office and it made it legal for organizations to create political action committees (PACs) that could make political contributions.

Answer 21

Campaign Finance Reform Law of 1973

Question 22

An FCC rule that if a broadcaster sells time to one candidate, it must sell equal time to other candidates.

Answer 22

Equal time rule

Question 23

Paying attention only to those news stories with which one already agrees.

Answer 23

Selective attention

Question 24

The tendency of the national media to be suspicious of officials and eager to reveal unflattering stories about them.

Answer 24

Adversarial press

Question 25

A public official’s statement to a reporter given on condition that the official not be named.

Answer 25

Background

Question 26

What the official says cannot be used.

Answer 26

Off the record

Question 27

Words that imply a value judgement, used to persuade a reader without having made a serious argument.

Answer 27

Loaded language

Question 28

Information leaked to the media to test public reaction to a possible possible policy.

Answer 28

Trial balloon

Question 29

Court case that says the Constitution protects the lobbying of Congress, but the government may require information from groups that try to influence legislation.

Answer 29

United states v. Harriss (1954)

Question 30

Freedom of the press applies to state governments, so that they cannot impose prior restraint on newspapers.

Answer 30

Near v. Minnesota (1931)

Question 31

Public officials may not win a libel suit unless they can prove that the statement was made knowing it to be false or with reckless disregard of its truth.

Answer 31

New York Times v. Sullivan (1964)

Question 32

The reporter can quote the official by name.

Answer 32

On the record

Question 33

A newspaper cannot be required to give someone a right to reply to one of its stories.

Answer 33

Miami Herald v. Tornillo (1974)