Chapters 1 and 2 Flashcards
Hippocrates century
400 BC
Hippocrates contributions
Father of Western Medicine, brain involved in sensation and seat of intelligence, no dissections
Aristotle century
300 BC
Aristotle contributions
Father of Comparative Anatomy, Plato’s student, hear is the center of intelligence, BRAIN IS TO COOL THE BLOOD
Galen century
200 AD
Galen contribution
Greek physician to gladiators, animal dissections, agreed with Hippocrates, theory about fluid in ventricles causes movement
Andreas Vesalius century
1500’s
Andreas Vesalius contribution
Anatomist, added significant detail to anatomical renderings of the brain, still focused on ventricles
Descartes century
1600’s
Descartes contribution
the “mind” (human) is a spiritual entity that speaks to the brain via the pineal gland, mathametician and philosopher, human and animal brains use fluid mechanics to function
Galvani century
1780
Galvani contribution
Frog legs twitch with electricity
Bell & Magendie century
1811, 1822
Bell & Magendie contribution
Hypothesized nerves carry different types of info, cut the ventral root= paralysis (Bell), cut the dorsal root=problems with sensation(MAGENDIE)
Flourens century
19th century (1800’s)
Flourens contribution
Shape of skull not correlated to shape of brain, ablation experiments (destroy cerebellum, disrupt movement)
Gall century
19th century (1800’s)
Gall contribution
PHRENOLOGY, gyri and sulci are distinct organs w/ different functions, size determines how well they work, beginning to study localization
Broca century
19th century (1800’s)
Broca contribution
Broca’s area, frontal lobe lesion responsible for speech
Schwann century
1839
Schwann contribution
Cell Theory
Reticular Theory
Neurons are on e continuous network of tubes
Cell Theory
Tissue has discrete units called cells
Molecular neuroscience
Study at the most elementary level
Cellular Neuorscience
how molecules work together to make different types f neurons; development; neuronal computations
Systems Neuroscience
Visual, motor, touch, etc.
Behavioral Neuroscience
Why we behave the way we do
Cognitive Neuroscience
how the activity of the brain creates the mind, study of higher-level thinking
Function of Neurons
Cells that store and process information
Function of Glia
Supports the activities of neurons, supportive cell, glue, very abundant
Light Microscope
Not powerful enough to visualize the gaps between neurons, solution about .1um
Tissue “fixing”
Hardens tissue without disrupting its structure, Hardens or “fixes” tissues by immersing them in formaldehyde
Microtome
Makes very thin slices to view under miscroscope
Nissl Stain
Stains “Nissl bodies” (rough ER in cell bodies), put very thin slice of tissue under the microscope, only stain the cell bodies, helped study cellular composition of neuronal tissue
Golgi Stain
Silver chromate stain, visualization of soma and neurites, helped form the reticular theory
Electron Microscope
Can now see that neurites of different neurons are not continuous, resolution about .1 nm
Reticular theory vs Neuron theory
Golgi reticular theory = single continuous network
Cajal neuron doctrine = discrete units/cells that communicate by contact, not continuity
The difference is that Cajal says cells communicate by CONTACT not because it’s a continuous network
Explain the processes involved in gene expression and protein synthesis
Nucleus
Ribosome
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Golgi Apparatus
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell
Neuronal membrane
Microtubules (location, function, composition)
Microfilaments (location, function, composition)
Neurofilaments (location, function, composition)
Structure of the axon hillock and axon
Structure of axon terminal (terminal bouton)
Define axoplasmic transport
Basic function of a neuron’s dendrites
Astrocytes (location and function)
Oligodendroglia (location and function)
Schwann Cells (location and function)
Ependymal Cells (location and function)
Microglia (location and function)
Scientific Method
Observation, Replication, Interpretation, Verification (ORIV)
