Chapters 1-8 Terms Flashcards
Bartholomew Dias reaches southern tip of Africa
1488
Vasco da gamma reached India; located richest source of peppercorns.
1498
1492
Columbus journey
Ponce de Leon reached fl, first spaniard in NA
1513
Vasco de balboa crossed isthmus of panama to pacific ocean
1513
Ferdinand Magellan began journey
1519
Francisco Pizarro conquered incas
1533
Hernan Cortes defeats Aztecs
1521
1588
Spanish armada defeated
1587
Settlement of roanoke
1565
Establishment of st. Augustine
Samuel de Champlain sets up trading post in Quebec
1608
Montreal, the second trading post of French
1642
1675
Beginning of king Phillips war
1649
Act of religious toleration ( Maryland)
Massasoit signs treaty with English
1621
Formation of Massachusetts bay company
1629
John Cabot sails to north America
1497
1607
Jamestown is established
House of burgesses, and first women in Jamestown
1619
Establishment of plymouth
1620
King charles and Massachusetts bay colony
1630
French and Indian War
1754-1763: a major war between european powers that begins in north America.
Robert dinwiddie
Virginia governor. Sent a small militia troop to build a palisade at forks of Ohio while the Albany congress deliberated.
Fort duquesne
Elaborate French fort.
Albany plan
June 1754; delegates from seven northern and middle colonies gather to persuade Iroquois to abandon neutrality and to coordinate colonial defense in response to French threat.
Edward Braddock
British general whose mission was to march his men through wilderness of Pennsylvania and drive French out. Was not accustomed to terrain and was killed.
Cajuns
Acadians, french who were deported out of nova scotia. Many settled in louisiana.
William Pitt
Changes the war recruiting tactic. Promotes professionals to army, not nobles who paid their way into leadership positions. Also a change in tactic to attack French in Canada.
James Wolfe
General whose regulars defeated the French and took Quebec.
Marquis de Montcalm
General on french side; against Wolfe. Was killed along with Wolfe.
Treaty of Paris (1763)
French and indian War is settled. France cedes its major north American landholdings to Britain.
Pontiac
Ottawa war chief who forged an unprecedented alliance of various tribes. Attacked some British holdings.
Writs of assistance
Enabled British officers to have search rights.
Parsons cause
Important legal and political dispute, seen as one of the factors leading up to the American revolution. Patrick Henry was a figure for this event.
George III
King who began to assert more of a powerful role as king. Appointed new prime minister.
George Grenville
Needed to deal with the financial crises in England; decided to tax American colonies because they had benefitted from wartime expenditures.
Proclamation of 1763
Set a temporary boundary on American colonies expansion westward. Infuriated colonists who had squatted west of the line as well as land speculation companies.
Sugar act
Also known as the revenue act. Changed existing customs regulations as well as laying new duties on foreign imports into the colonies. Aimed at discouraging American rum distillers from smuggled French west Indian molasses, thereby improving the market for British sugar.
Quartering act of 1765
Decreed that British armies could put troops on private property.
Stamp Act(1765)
Grenvilles most important revenue proposal. Required tax stamps on nearly all printed materials.
James Otis
Young Massachusetts attorney who penned the most important pamphlet protesting the sugar act and the proposed stamp act. “the rights of the british colonies asserted and proved.” tried to find a middle ground to American dilemma, suggesting that propos colonial representation in parliament.
Patrick Henry
Wrote “Virginia stamp act resolves”. Five propositions were adopted by the “house of burgesses”.
Samuel Adams
Founds the Sons of Liberty.
John Adams
Cousin to Samuel Adams.
Sons of Liberty
An inter colonial association that linked different protest leaders against stamp act.
Stamp act congress
Nine colonies sent delegates to new York to draft a protest statement that stressed negative economic effects of the stamp act rather than rights violation.
Edmund Burke
Supported cause of American revolutionaries; generally seen as the father of modern conservatism.
Declaratory act(1766)
Passed along with repeal of the stamp act by lord rockingham. Asserted parliaments authority to tax and legislate for Britain’s American possessions.
Charles Townsend
Took over for william Pitt when Pitt fell ill. Prime minister of England who supported taxation of colonies.
Board of customs
A much more rigorous entity to enforce Townsend taxes. Did whatever it could to stop smuggling, angering colonists in the process.
John Dickinson
Published “Letters from a farmer in Pennsylvania” to protest against Townsend acts.
Lord North
Prime minister after Townshend. repealed the Townshend duties except for tea tax, and introduced coercive acts and Quebec act.
Thomas gage
British general; Temporarily became governor of Massachusetts bay, told to implement the coercive or intolerable acts.
Boston massacre(1770)
Five Americans killed after laborers threw snowballs at soldiers guarding customs house.
Gaspee incident(1772)
Rhode islanders, tired of customs enforcement, attack a naval schooner.
Committees of correspondence
Formed by Samuel Adams to create an informed census among Massachusetts residents. A pamphlet was created that listed some of the grievances, along with American rights.
Boston tea party
Some colonists disguised as Indians dumped tea into Boston harbor. (1773)
Coercive (intolerable acts)
(1774) England’s response to the tea party. Boston’s port was closed, Massachusetts province was altered, the justice act protected those who were stopping riots, and the quartering act allowed British troops to commandeer privately owned buildings.
Quebec act
(1774) Granted greater religious freedom to Catholics in Quebec. Reinstated French civil law, and closed off some land from jurisdiction of the seacoast colonies.
First continental congress
(1774) colonies leading political figures attended from every state except Georgia. Samuel Adams, John Adams, John Jay, Richard Henry lee, Patrick Henry, and George Washington were included. They decided that they would obey parliament, but only voluntarily, and would resist all taxes in disguise, such as the townshend duties.
Patriots(Whigs)
Residents of the thirteen colonies that supported resistance and then independence from Britain. Accounted for about 2/5 of population.
Loyalists (Tories)
About 1/5 of population that remained loyal to great Britain. During the war, they congregated in in cities held by the British army.
Paul revere, william Dawes, and Samuel Prescott
Messengers sent to rouse countryside before battles of lexington and concord.
Minutemen
Highly mobile and ready militia force made of select men from American side. Ready to be deployed.
Lexington and concord
(April 19, 1775) first battles of revolution. American forces were scarce at Lexington, brute there were more at concord that forced British back into Boston.
Ethan Allen
Founder of green mountain boys, eventually do take fort Ticonderoga. This provides the American side with much needed supplies.
Fort Ticonderoga
A fort on lake Champlain, first held by British, but eventually captured by patriots.
Bunker hill
Red coats attack on June 17, 1775. to drive Americans from trenches atop breeds hill in Charlestown.
Henry knox
Military officer of continental and us army. Later served as first secretary of war.
Lord George germain
New American secretary under lord north. (British side)
Second continental congress
Delagates assembled on may 10, 1775. Assumed the mantle of inter colonial government. Proposed that George Washington be commander-in-chief.
Sir william Howe
Troops under his command landed in new York. Washington lead his troops to fiht him.
Sir Henry Clinton
Oversaw regrouping of British forces in America. Ordered evacuation of Philadelphia in 1778 and became convinced that a campaign in the south would bring victory.
John Burgoyne
Was to lead British forces in battle down the Hudson river from Canada to rendezvous with near Albany in a plan to Isolde new England from the rest of the colonies.eventually surrenders in Saratoga.
Lord Cornwallis
British commander, eventually surrenders at Yorktown.
Olive branch petition
adopted by the Continental Congress in July 1775 in an attempt to avoid a full-blown war with Great Britain.
Prohibitory act
(1775) declared and provided for a naval blockade against American ports.
Hessians
German mercenaries hired by British.
Thomas Paine
English printer. Wrote the pamphlet “common sense” in 1776 and “the crisis”. Believed that Americans should fight for independence.
Richard Henry Lee
Delegate from Virginia. Introduced conclusion that the colonies be independent.
Thomas Jefferson
Virginia lawyer. Writes “the declaration of independence.”
John Peter muhlenberg
A clergyman who served on the revolutionary side.
Marquis de Lafayette
Most visible symbol of Franco-American alliance, a nobleman who enlisted to volunteered for service in 1777.
Baron Frederick Von Steuben
Taught the continental army valuable military tactics.
Baron de kalb
German soldier who served as a major general for Americans.
Thaddeus Kosciusko
A polish national war hero.
Casimir Pulaski
Has been called the father of American cavalry. Saved George Washington’s life.
Joseph brant
An influential Mohawk leader who believed that the Iroquois should ally with Britain.
Robert Morris
An American merchant, was present for second continental Congress and signed the declaration of independence.
Brooklyn heights, manhattan
(1776) Washington loses battles at these locations.
Nathan hale
was a soldier for the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. He volunteered for an intelligence-gathering mission in New York City but was captured by the British and hanged.
Trenton
Washington crosses the Delaware river at night to attack a hessian encampment.
Princeton
Washington attacks at this location days after Trenton.
Morristown
Washington sets up winter camp at this location.
Oriskany
Seen as one of bloodiest battles of the war. Almost all participants were north American.
Saratoga
(1777) General John Burgoyne surrenders.
Horatio Gates
Reorganized southern army but is defeated by lord Cornwallis at battle of Camden.
Benedict Arnold
An officer who eventually became a traitor.
Brandy wine creek and germantown
Two battles in Philadelphia in 1777 that the Americans lost, but handled themselves well. Sir william Howe was the opponent.
Valley forge
site of the military camp of the American Continental Army over the winter of 1777–1778 during the American Revolutionary War.
Monmouth
Sir Henry Clinton’s forces are attacked as they left Monmouth courthouse. Sometimes called battle of Monmouth courthouse.
George Rogers Clark
Leader of kentucky( then part of Virginia) militia during the revolutionary war.
John Paul jones
Well-known naval fighter during American revolution.
Camden
(1780) Cornwallis defeats reorganized southern army under horatio gates.
Banistre tarleton
A prominent military figure for British side. Helped in the capture of charleston.
Francis Marion
Military officer for the colonial side. Seen as one of the fathers of modern guerilla warfare.
Nathanael Greene
Commanded southern campaign for American side.
Kings mountain
(1780) A backcountry force defeated a large party of redcoats and loyalists.
Cowpens
(1781) British regimen under tarleton is routed by Americans.
Guilford courthouse
(1781) Greene confronted main body of British troops in north Carolina. The British win the battle, but most of their army is destroyed.
Count rochambeau
A French nobleman and gentleman who played a major role in helping the Americans win their independence.
Yorktown
(October 19, 1781) Cornwallis surrenders.
Treaty of Paris (1783)
Peace treaty; granted independence to the united states.
Articles of confederation
America’s first national government that proved to be weak and decentralized. Unicameral.
Three definitions of republicanism in America
1) that republics could succeed only if they were small and homogeneous (held by educated elites)
2) followed economic theorist Adam smith, emphasized individuals pursuit of rational self-interest. ( held by other elites and some skilled craftsmen)
3) egalitarian view, that government should respond directly to the needs of ordinary folk (advanced by Thomas Paine among others)- democrats in the modern sense.
Land ordinance of 1785
Land surveyed into townships 6 miles square.proceeds from the land sales would provide first independent revenues to the national government.
Northwest ordinance of 1787
Contained a bill of rights that guaranteed freedom of religion and the right to a jury trial, forbidding cruel an unusual punishments, and nominally prohibited slavery. It also specified how territorial residents could organize state governments and seek admission into the union.
Shays rebellion
(1787) Armed rebellion in Massachusetts. Due to taxes that could not be paid without selling land, assaulted Springfield federal armory.
Mount Vernon convention
(1785) representatives from Virginia and Maryland met to negotiate an agreement about trade on the Potomac river.
Annapolis convention
(1786) encouraged by the success at mt. Vernon, other states were invited to discuss trade policy.
Philadelphia convention
(1787) for the sole d express purpose of revising the articles of confederation. Every state but rhode island was represented.
Ben Franklin
Oldest Delegate at the convention.
James Madison
Title: “father of the constitution”
Alexander Hamilton
Led the Annapolis convention, and was involved at the Philadelphia convention. Later was the secretary of treasury.
Virginia plan
Introduced by Edmund Randolph, proposed a two-house legislature, among other things.
New jersey plan
Proposed by william Paterson, called for strengthening the articles rather than overhauling the government. Retaining a unicameral congress.
Bicameral
Two-house or chamber. House of representatives and the senate.
Unicameral
One house or chamber.
Connecticut compromise
(1787) compromise arrived at the convention, mainly had to do with representation. Kept the bicameral principle.
Roger Sherman
Offered Connecticut compromise and three fifths compromise at the convention.
Three fifths compromise
Three put of every five slaves would be counted in population.
Federalists
Supported the constitution
Antifederalists
Opposed the constitution.
Patrick Henry
Was actually an Antifederalist. Helped gain a bill of rights for the constitution though.
First state to ratify the constitution
Delaware .
Federalist papers
Helped to gain support for constitution.
Federalism
Relationship between states and national governments
Separation of powers
Powers are separated into branches, legislative, executive, and judicial.
Checks and balances
Related to the separation of powers. Would provide a system to keep different powers in check.
1789
Year of French revolution beginning, also first year of congress official meeting, and Washington is elected president.
Newyork city
The first capital.
George Washington the members of he first cabinet…
Secretary of state?
Treasury?
War?
Attorney-general?
Postmaster-general?
Jefferson
Hamilton
Henry knox
Edmund Randolph
John jay
First chief justice of the united states
Bill of rights
Added amendments to protect the people’s rights.
Alexander hamiltons plan for economic crises
Proposed that congress assume outstanding state debts, combine them with national obligations, and issue new securities.
First bank of the united states
Proposed by Hamilton, would act as collecting and disbursing agent for treasury, and it’s notes would become national currency.
Whiskey rebellion
(1794)Began because of taxes , but the new government shows its power by stopping it.
Federalists
Linked themselves to the constitution.
Democratic-republicans
Protecting people’s liberties.
Citizen genet
Representative of the French government recruiting Americans for expeditions.
Jay treaty of 1795
Treaty with Britain to deal with prewar debts and claims for American merchant ships.
Pinckney treaty of 1796
A treaty with Spain giving navigation privileges on Mississippi river, and rights to store goods at new Orleans.
Battle of fallen timbers
(1794) Miami confederacy is defeated. Ohio is gained by us in the treaty of Greenville.
Washingtons farewell address.
Instructions to maintain commercial but not political ties to other nations, and to enter no permanent alliances. Advocated unity behind the federalist banner.
John Adams
Next president after Washington.
Aaron burr
In election of 1800 , vice president running mate with Jefferson
Xyz affair
Commissioners sent to Paris to negotiate a certain settlement over American merchant ships. Demanded a bribe. Names of French agents were censored.
Alien and sedition acts
Provided for detention of enemy aliens during wartime, and for presidential authority to deport any alien deemed dangerous to national security. Outlawed conspiracy against enforcement of federal laws.
Virginia and Kentucky resolutions
Pronounced the alien and sedition acts unconstitutional.
Nullification
Advanced by the virginia and Kentucky resolutions.
Election of 1800
Jefferson wins with burr.
12 amend ment
Separate ballots for vice president and president.
“midnight judges”
Elected by John Adams in an attempt to prevent jefferson from exerting immediate influence of the judicial branch.
Date for the adoption of the constitution
Sep. 17, 1787
Date for the beginning of the new government under the constitution
1789
