Chapters 1-8 Flashcards
Antiracist
A person with a nonracist identity who advocates and actively intervenes when injustice makes its presence felt at the individual, institutional, and societal levels
Behavioral resistance
Resistance that entails paralysis or inaction in the presence of discrimination from majority group individuals
Cognitive resistance
A form of intellectual denial in which individuals from the majority group provide alternative reasons or excuses to explain incidences of racism, oppression, or discrimination
Cultural competence
The awareness, knowledge, and skills needed to function effectively with culturally diverse populations
Emotional affirmation
Occurs when individuals from marginalized groups feel their lives experiences of oppression and discrimination has been heard, acknowledged, understood, and validated
Emotional invalidation
When individuals negate or dismiss the lived experiences of oppression and discrimination of marginalized groups
Emotional resistance
A defensive maneuver that entails emotions such as guilt or anger, that block self-exploration
Microaggression
The everyday slights, put-downs and insults directed to socially devalued group members by well-intentioned people who may be unaware that they have engaged in such biased and harmful behaviors
Nested/embedded emotions
Unacknowledged emotions regarding one’s thoughts about race, culture, or gender
Nonracist
Individuals who own up to their biases, and acknowledge their past oppressive attitudes and actions
Worldview
Composed of people’s attitudes, values, and beliefs that affect how people think, define events, make decisions, and behave
Collectivism
A philosophy that the psychosocial unit of identity resides in the family, group or collective society
Cultural humility
A complementary component to cultural competence associated with an open attitudinal stance or a multiculturalist open orientation without consideration of cultural differences
Cultural incompetence
When counselors unwittingly impose their standards of normality and abnormality upon cultural diverse clients without consideration of cultural differences.
Cultural relativism
The belief that cultural differences must be considered in the diagnosis and treatment of culturally diverse groups
Cultural-bound syndromes
Mental diagnosis unique to various cultures.
Emic
The belief that human beings share overwhelming commonalities and that the manifestation and treatment of disorders are similar across all cultures and societies
Etic (fix)
The belief that human beings share overwhelming commonalities and that the manifestation and treatment of disorders are similar across all cultures and societies.
Group level of identity
Identity associated with group membership
Individual level of identity
Identity which acknowledges that no two individuals are alike, because people are unique and do not share the same experiences in life
Knowledge
The presence of accurate information about diverse groups
Multicultural counseling/therapy
A helping role and a process that uses modalities and defines goals consistent with the life experiences and cultural values of diverse clients
Personalismo
A Latino/a cultural orientation whereby people relationships are more valued over institutional obligations and responsibilities
Skills
Specific expertise and ability to effectively utilize therapies and knowledge to help clients from cultures different from the therapist
Social justice
Active engagement and action in working toward equal access and opportunity for all people and in fighting injustice in all its forms.
Universal level of identity
Identity that acknowledges people have a universal level of identity, are similar to one another, originate from the same species, and share qualities that make them human
Communication styles
Characteristics of communication associated with race, gender, and other group identities often manifested in verbal and nonverbal communication language
Cultural values
Values held in common by a cultural group
Historical stereotypes
Stereotypes which are ruled by the historical relationship between cultural groups.
Interracial/interethnic bias
The bias that a person of one racial/ethnic group harbors for members of another racial/ethnic group which can be ruled by erroneous stereotypes or negative experiences.
Interracial/interethnic Conflict
There are differences between interracial groups that are infrequently publicly aired because of possible political ramifications for group unity
Interracial/interethnic discrimination
The discrimination that is extended to a racial/ethnic group or member by another racial/ethnic group or member
Interracial/interethnic group relations
This pertains to the historical and current relationships between racial/ethnic groups
Model minority
A socially marginalized group that is deemed to have been successful in U.S. society
Racial/ethnic identity
The identity one forms as a member of a racial or ethnic group
Cultural encapsulation
Counselors who are culturally unaware and who operate in isolation from a broader cultural context
Cultural paranoia
Used to describe the guardedness, suspiciousness and mistrust of marginalized group members toward majority group members
Generally deficient model
Belief that people of color are inferior by virtue of their biological makeup
Paranorm
Used to describe the norm of cultural paranoia, which has proven to be a survival mechanism among people of color
Scientific racism
Racial attitudes and beliefs expressed under the guise of science and scientific findings
Social justice counseling
Counseling that operates from an active philosophy and approach to producing conditions that allow for equal access and opportunity
Attractiveness
Based upon how similar the clients is to the counselor
Color blindness
When whites profess to not see the “color” of persons of color
Credibility
People who perceived as possessing expertness and trustworthiness
Cultural oppression
When members of the dominant culture impose their standards upon culturally diverse populations without regard for differences
Ethnocentric monoculturalism
Refers to a belief in the superiority of one’s group’s cultural heritage over another, and the imposition of those standards upon the less powerful group
Institutional racism
A set of institutional policies, and priorities, designed to subjugate, oppress, and force dependence of individuals and groups on the larger society
Invisible veil
The invisibility of people’s values and beliefs which are outside the levels of conscious awareness
Locus of control
Refers to people’s beliefs about the degree of control they have over their life circumstances
Locus of responsibility
Refers to the degree of responsibility or blame placed on the individual or system
Playing it cool
A survival mechanism to appear serene while concealing one’s true feelings of anger and frustration toward oppressors
The authority set
A psychological orientation that attributes higher credibility to people who occupy a particular legitimate position
The consistency set
A psychological orientation toward accepting or rejecting information based upon whether it is consistent with other opinions, beliefs, or behaviors
The economic set
A psychological orientation most concerned with the perceived rewards and punishments that a source is able to deliver
The identity set
A psychological orientation that makes information credible if it is consistent with one’s group identity
The problem-solving set
A psychological orientation toward obtaining correct information that has adaptive value in the real world
Uncle Tom syndrome
A survival mechanism used by people of color to appear docile,
Nonassertive, and happy-go-lucky
Unintentional racism
Racism and unconscious bias that is invisible to those who perpetuate it
Victim blaming
Explanations that attribute blame to margins group members for their status in life when the cause is due to external barriers such as bias and discrimination
White privilege
The unearned advantages and privileges that accrue to people of light-colored skin
Ableism
Negative bias toward people with disabilities
Aversive racism
A form of subtle and unintentional racism
Covert sexism
Unequal and harmful treatment of women that is conducted in a hidden manner
Heterosexism
Cultural ideology that assumes heterosexuality to be the societal norm and distinctively superior to homosexuality
Homonegativity
Includes homophobia and cultural attitudes that devalue sexual minorities
Islamaphobia
Prejudice directed toward Muslim individuals or followers of Islam
Microassault
Blatant verbal, nonverbal, or environmental attacks intended to convey discriminatory and biased sentiments
Microinsult
Behaviors or verbal comments that convey rudeness or insensitivity or demean a person’s group identity heritage
Microinvalidation
Verbal comments or behaviors that exclude, negate, or dismiss the psychological thoughts, feelings, or experiential reality of the target group
Overt sexism
Blatant unequal and unfair treatment of women
Subtle sexism
Unequal and unfair treatment of women that is embedded in our culture and often perceived as normal appropriate behaviors
Transphobia
Prejudice against transgendered individuals
Activity dimension
A reference of how different cultural groups lie in their action orientation from one of “doing” and influencing the world, to one of “being” or living in harmony with nature
Class-bound values
Socioeconomic values that permeate counseling and psychotherapy and may prove disadvantageous to clients from poverty or less affluent situations
Culture-bound values
Traditional western counseling and therapy are seen to possess the values of the dominant culture
Egalitarian roles
When roles are based on equality between genders
Emotional expressiveness
The value placed on clients who are encouraged to express their feelings and to verbalize their emotional reactions
Family systems
This compromises the system that makes up the family and includes structural alliances and communication patterns
Individual centered
A culture-bound value in mental health practice in which the individual is the psychological unit of operation and independence and autonomy are the primary goal of treatment
Individualism
One of the primary values of U.S. culture and society and refers to valuing independence
Linguistic barriers
Language barriers often place culturally diverse clients at a disadvantage because counseling is usually provided in standard English
Minority standard time
A reference to how people from situations of poverty often perceived time, and the resultant effects it has on behavior
Nature of people dimension
A reference to how different culture groups view human nature
Patriarchal roles
A division of roles where males are given greater status, prestige and influence in the family and society
QUOID
An acronym for clients less preferred by mental health professionals and stands for quiet, ugly, old, indigent, and dissimilar culturally
Relational dimension
A reference to cultural group relations and whether they are more collateral or individualistic in orientation
Scientific empiricism
Western value placed on empiricism which involves objective, rational, linear, thinking as the means to define and solve problems
Social class
Refers to where one falls on the socioeconomic spectrum
Time dimension
How different societies, cultures, and people view time can be divided into being past, present, or future oriented
YAVIS syndrome
An acronym meant to indicate counselor preference for clients who are young, attractive, verbal, intelligent, and successful
High/ low context communication
Reference to whether a person relies more on the context to interpret the meaning or the content of the message
High-context cultures
Communications that rely more on the context to interpret the meaning of messages
Kinesics
The study of how bodily movements that include facial expression, posture, characteristics of movements, gestures, and eye contact orientation affect interpersonal transactions
Low-context cultures (LC)
Communications that rely more on the content of what is said to interpret the meaning of the message
Nonverbals as reflection of bias
Nonverbal behaviors that are likely to reflect the unconscious biases or attitudes of the person
Nonverbals as triggers to bias
Nonverbal behaviors that may trigger racist stereotypes and fears in the individual
Paralanguage
The study of how vocal cues such as loudness of voice, pauses, silences, hesitations, rate of speech, and inflection affect communication
Playing the dozens
Considered by many blacks to be the highest form of verbal provocation and impromptu speaking
Proxemics
The study of how sociodemographic identities affect the use of conversing distances and their meanings
Therapeutic style
The helping style of the therapist as influenced by their theoretical orientation, race, gender and other variables
Woofing
Among some black Americans, it refers to a form of verbal banter which is and exchange of threats and challenges to fight
Culturally deficient model
Belief that people of color are inferior because they were culturally disadvantaged, deficient, or deprived of a white middle-class upbringing
Culture-bound training
Multicultural training that reflects only one cultural perspective, usually the white, EuroAmerican, middle-class perspective
Culturally diverse model
Belief that all cultures are valued and that diversity should not indicate whether one group’s cultural heritage is better than another’s
Cultural deprivation
The belief that groups of color are “culturally deprived” because the lack white middle-class values
Stereotype threat
When an individual of a marginalized group fear inadvertently confirming a mistaken notion about their group
Socially marginalized groups
These are groups that are excluded from the dominant social order and are often linked to another culture and social status
