Chapters 1-8 Flashcards
Sheila almost got hit by a car at a street corner because she was too busy texting on her phone. From that day on, Sheila looks before she reaches the street corner. Her change in behavior is a result of:
Learning
At home you rattle the chain of your dog’s chain on your dog’s leash every time you prepare to take him for a walk. After several episodes like this, you find that your dog comes running to the front door even when you pick up your leash to put it back in the closet. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus?
The sound of the leash
A child has been classically conditioned to fear a white rat. If the child does not show fear when shown a black rat, this is called:
stimulus discrimination
During the cold winter, you have stopped taking your dog for walks. What’s more, your dog has gotten used to the fact that when you accidentally rattle his leash, he isn’t going for a walk, and subsequently he doesn’t come running to the front door. What has occurred?
extinction
Rhonda had tartar sauce with her fish one night. The nest morning, she was nauseated and sick for much of the day. The next time she was offered the chance to go out for fish, she felt queasy and declined. Her queasiness at the thought of fish with tartar sauce was probably due to:
a conditioned taste aversion
Caitlin works in the psychology department’s rat lab. In her studies, she found that many of her lab rats would develop a conditioned taste aversion to certain foods after as little as one trial. Caitlin’s psychology professor refers to this as a classical example of:
biological preparedness
Blake finds that if he washed his car prior to going out on the town, more of his friends want to ride along with him. What theory would best explain his willingness to always wash and clean his car before going out?
Thorndike’s law of effect
In classical conditioning, behavior typically is (blank), whereas with operant conditioning, behavior is (blank)
involuntary; voluntary
Where do secondary reinforcers get their power from?
Pavlov’s classical conditioning
Positive reinforcement results in a(an) (blank) in the target behavior and negative reinforcement results in a(an) (blank) target behavior.
increase;increase
Belinda has a terrible headache. If she takes some aspiring and her headache goes away, and as a result Belinda is more likely to take aspirin in the future when she has a headache, this would be an example of:
negative reinforcement
Ben gets paid every two weeks. In one 2-week period, he has worked a total of 20 hours. During another 2-week period, he worked a total of 50 hours. Regardless of the total number of hours he worked each week, he is paid every 2 week. What schedule of reinforcement is being used?
fixed interval
Denise is grounded for coming home after curfew. Additionally, her parents have taken away her cell phone for a month. Losing her cell phone privileges is an example of:
punishment by removal
What is the relationship between negative reinforcement and punishment?
Negative reinforcement strengthens a response while punishment weakens a response
Which of the following is an example of the use of extinction with operant conditioning?
A mother ignores her child’s temper tantrum so that the behavior ultimately goes away
Studies by Keller and Marian Breland found that many animals exhibit instinctive drift. What does that mean?
The animals studied would learn skills through reinforcement but eventually revert to their genetically controlled patterns of behavior
Jose was lying in bed when he suddenly realized how he might deal with a fast approaching deadline at work. When his coworkers asked him how he came up with the idea, he said, “It just came to me out of nowhere.” Psychologists refer to this as
insight learning
Jody failed repeatedly in college algebra. Finally, she gave up and was seriously considering dropping out of college. One day, her best friend offered to personally help her if she signed up for college algebra again, but she refused. What concept might explain her reluctance?
learned helplessness
What does AMID stand for
Attention, memory, imitation, desire
Darlas has noticed how some of her friends have lost weight and gotten trim by exercising 1-2 hours each day. However, she has no plans to imitate their behavior. What component of Badura’s model of observational learning will explain why Darla has not started a similar weight loss program?
Darla is no motivated nor does she have the desire to begin the program
The steps of memory can best be described as follows:
Putting it in, keeping it in, getting it out
According to Sperling, what is the capacity of iconic memory?
Everything that can be seen at one time
Which type of memory best explain the “What?” phenomenon?
echoic sensory memory
For information to travel from sensory memory to short-term memory, it must first be (blank) and then encoded primarily into (blank) form.
selectively attended to; auditory
You are introduced to someone at a party. Whole talking with the person, you realize that you have already forgotten the person’s name. Assuming no strategies are used in the attempt to remember their name, how long does it typically take before such information is lost from short term memory?
typically between 12 and 30 seconds
Miller’s early studies of the capacity of short-term memory suggest that most people could remember approximately (blank) bits of information, whereas more recent research suggests that it make me (blank) to (blank) items
seven;three;five
Mary has just met am attractive man Austin at a part. She wants to make sure she remembers his name. What should she do?
Mary should make it more meaningful. For example, she might remind herself that Austin has the same name as the capital of Texas
(Blank) memory includes what people can do or demonstrate, whereas (blank) memory is about what people know and can report.
Non declarative; declarative
Phineas walks out of his office and into the conference toom. However, after he leaves his office, he forgets what he was coming into the conference room for. According to the encoding specifity hypothesis, what should Phineas do to regain his lost memory?
Phineas should return to this office to help him remember what he had forgotten.
Which of the following is an example of a test using recognition?
true-false
When creating a presentation, many public speaking instructors will tell you to develop a strong opening or attention getter to you presentation as well as a good summary to finish. What aspect of memory best explains these suggestions?
serial position effect
You mother tell you to dress for success at your interview because it’s all about “first impressions”. In other words, she is telling you that people often remember what they see first. This belief is in line with what element of memory?
the primary effect
Research by Elizabeth Loftus show that eyewitness recognition is very prone to what psychologists call
a false positive
The tendency of certain element to enter long term memory with little or no effect to encode and organize them is what defines
automatic encoding
The ability to vividly remember where you were and what you were doing when the United States was attacked on September 11, 2001, is an example of
flashbulb memory
In Hermann Ebbinghaus’s classic study on memory and the forgetting curve, after leaning a list of nonsense syllable, forgetting occurred quickly during the first (blank) before tapering off.
hour
You are surprised by the fact that you cannot remember if Abraham Lincoln’s head faces the left or the right on a penny. This is all the more surprising given the fact that you work with money at your job on nearly a daily basis. What would best explain the inability to recall this information?
encoding failure
Henry Gustav Molaison, infamously known as H.M., was unable to form new declarative memories. He suffered from what psychologists call
anterograde amnesia
In the case of Henry Gustav Molaison (H.M.), the memory problems that he experienced appeared after brain surgery was performed in the attempt to relieve a severe case of epilepsy. This this surgery Malison’s (blanks) and the adjacent medial temporal lobe structure were removed, inadvertently leading to an inability to store new personal or factual information.
hippocampi
Researchers have found that it takes (blank) to view a mental image that is larger or cover more distance than a smaller or more compact one
longer
Research suggests we engage mental images in our mind (blank) the way we engage or interact with physical objects
much like
A psychologist asks people to envision a circle. Nest he asks them to draw the circle they envisioned. When comparing the pictures, almost all circles look identical. The fact that a circle typically fits a specific and rigid set of rules is an example of a
formal concept
Trial and error is sometimes referred to as a (an)
mechanical solution
John and Karen bought a new house with an unfinished basement. To determine how they want to finish it, they lay down tape on the floor showing where wall will go and rooms will be. This process of problem solving is knows as
working backward from the goal
One day at work, Pauline’s earring fell on the floor and she was unable to find the back. To keep from losing her earring, Pauline reinserted it and used part of a pencil eraser to keep the earring in place. Using a pencil eraser as a temporary earring back showed that Pauline overcame:
Functional fixedness
Which of the following questions would be most likely to produce divergent thinking?
How many uses can you think of for a clothes hanger?
Charles Spearman defined intelligence as being comprised of both general intelligence and (blank) intelligence
sepcific
According to Sternberg, intelligence is comprised of how many aspects?
three
Which of the following tests came first?
Binet’s mental ability test
Dr. Davenport gives all her classes 45 minutes to complete their psychology test regardless of whether the class meets for 50 minutes, 75 minutes, or even 3 hours. Such a technique ensures test
standardization
In contrast to comparing mental age to chronological age, most modern tests of intelligence use (blank)
age-group comparison norms
The goal of all test developers is to (blank) cultural bias in their intelligence tests
minimize
Dr. Miller works with children who have grown up in poor socioeconomic conditions. Many of her clients come from homes that do not emphasize education or social involvement, and opportunities for advancement are practically nonexistent. Many are malnourished, have been exposed to a variety of environmental toxin, and have multiple infections without adequate or timely health care. What might these children be at risk for?
intellectual disability
Dr. Thomas has found that William, her patient, has a defect in a gene on the X chromosome of his 23rd pair, which has resulted in a deficiency of a protein for William’s brain development. William most likely suffers from:
fragile X syndrome
In Terman’s study of gifted children, mental health issues and relationships problems occurred only in those with IQ’s of
180 or higher
What may the best predictor of why some people do not excel in school but essentially succeed in their life and career choices?
emotional intelligence
What does the Flynn effect thoerize
Intelligence scores are steadily increasing in modernized countries
Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf theorized that (blank, a concept reflected in their linguistic relativity hypothesis
language shapes thoughts
Cognitive universalism tends to (blank) the linguistic relativity hypothesis
Contradict
The thinking and attitudes of many who survived the Depression of the 1930’s changed them for the rest of their lives. This would be an example of a
cohort effect
If a person has one gene for blue eyes but actually has brown eyes, blue eyes must be a (blank) trait
recessive
