Chapters 1-8

Question 1

Sheila almost got hit by a car at a street corner because she was too busy texting on her phone. From that day on, Sheila looks before she reaches the street corner. Her change in behavior is a result of:

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

At home you rattle the chain of your dog’s chain on your dog’s leash every time you prepare to take him for a walk. After several episodes like this, you find that your dog comes running to the front door even when you pick up your leash to put it back in the closet. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus?

Answer 2

The sound of the leash

Question 3

A child has been classically conditioned to fear a white rat. If the child does not show fear when shown a black rat, this is called:

Answer 3

stimulus discrimination

Question 4

During the cold winter, you have stopped taking your dog for walks. What’s more, your dog has gotten used to the fact that when you accidentally rattle his leash, he isn’t going for a walk, and subsequently he doesn’t come running to the front door. What has occurred?

Answer 4

extinction

Question 5

Rhonda had tartar sauce with her fish one night. The nest morning, she was nauseated and sick for much of the day. The next time she was offered the chance to go out for fish, she felt queasy and declined. Her queasiness at the thought of fish with tartar sauce was probably due to:

Answer 5

a conditioned taste aversion

Question 6

Caitlin works in the psychology department’s rat lab. In her studies, she found that many of her lab rats would develop a conditioned taste aversion to certain foods after as little as one trial. Caitlin’s psychology professor refers to this as a classical example of:

Answer 6

biological preparedness

Question 7

Blake finds that if he washed his car prior to going out on the town, more of his friends want to ride along with him. What theory would best explain his willingness to always wash and clean his car before going out?

Answer 7

Thorndike’s law of effect

Question 8

In classical conditioning, behavior typically is (blank), whereas with operant conditioning, behavior is (blank)

Answer 8

involuntary; voluntary

Question 9

Where do secondary reinforcers get their power from?

Answer 9

Pavlov’s classical conditioning

Question 10

Positive reinforcement results in a(an) (blank) in the target behavior and negative reinforcement results in a(an) (blank) target behavior.

Answer 10

increase;increase

Question 11

Belinda has a terrible headache. If she takes some aspiring and her headache goes away, and as a result Belinda is more likely to take aspirin in the future when she has a headache, this would be an example of:

Answer 11

negative reinforcement

Question 12

Ben gets paid every two weeks. In one 2-week period, he has worked a total of 20 hours. During another 2-week period, he worked a total of 50 hours. Regardless of the total number of hours he worked each week, he is paid every 2 week. What schedule of reinforcement is being used?

Answer 12

fixed interval

Question 13

Denise is grounded for coming home after curfew. Additionally, her parents have taken away her cell phone for a month. Losing her cell phone privileges is an example of:

Answer 13

punishment by removal

Question 14

What is the relationship between negative reinforcement and punishment?

Answer 14

Negative reinforcement strengthens a response while punishment weakens a response

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of the use of extinction with operant conditioning?

Answer 15

A mother ignores her child’s temper tantrum so that the behavior ultimately goes away

Question 16

Studies by Keller and Marian Breland found that many animals exhibit instinctive drift. What does that mean?

Answer 16

The animals studied would learn skills through reinforcement but eventually revert to their genetically controlled patterns of behavior

Question 17

Jose was lying in bed when he suddenly realized how he might deal with a fast approaching deadline at work. When his coworkers asked him how he came up with the idea, he said, “It just came to me out of nowhere.” Psychologists refer to this as

Answer 17

insight learning

Question 18

Jody failed repeatedly in college algebra. Finally, she gave up and was seriously considering dropping out of college. One day, her best friend offered to personally help her if she signed up for college algebra again, but she refused. What concept might explain her reluctance?

Answer 18

learned helplessness

Question 19

What does AMID stand for

Answer 19

Attention, memory, imitation, desire

Question 20

Darlas has noticed how some of her friends have lost weight and gotten trim by exercising 1-2 hours each day. However, she has no plans to imitate their behavior. What component of Badura’s model of observational learning will explain why Darla has not started a similar weight loss program?

Answer 20

Darla is no motivated nor does she have the desire to begin the program

Question 21

The steps of memory can best be described as follows:

Answer 21

Putting it in, keeping it in, getting it out

Question 22

According to Sperling, what is the capacity of iconic memory?

Answer 22

Everything that can be seen at one time

Question 23

Which type of memory best explain the “What?” phenomenon?

Answer 23

echoic sensory memory

Question 24

For information to travel from sensory memory to short-term memory, it must first be (blank) and then encoded primarily into (blank) form.

Answer 24

selectively attended to; auditory

Question 25

You are introduced to someone at a party. Whole talking with the person, you realize that you have already forgotten the person’s name. Assuming no strategies are used in the attempt to remember their name, how long does it typically take before such information is lost from short term memory?

Answer 25

typically between 12 and 30 seconds

Question 26

Miller’s early studies of the capacity of short-term memory suggest that most people could remember approximately (blank) bits of information, whereas more recent research suggests that it make me (blank) to (blank) items

Answer 26

seven;three;five

Question 27

Mary has just met am attractive man Austin at a part. She wants to make sure she remembers his name. What should she do?

Answer 27

Mary should make it more meaningful. For example, she might remind herself that Austin has the same name as the capital of Texas

Question 28

(Blank) memory includes what people can do or demonstrate, whereas (blank) memory is about what people know and can report.

Answer 28

Non declarative; declarative

Question 29

Phineas walks out of his office and into the conference toom. However, after he leaves his office, he forgets what he was coming into the conference room for. According to the encoding specifity hypothesis, what should Phineas do to regain his lost memory?

Answer 29

Phineas should return to this office to help him remember what he had forgotten.

Question 30

Which of the following is an example of a test using recognition?

Answer 30

true-false

Question 31

When creating a presentation, many public speaking instructors will tell you to develop a strong opening or attention getter to you presentation as well as a good summary to finish. What aspect of memory best explains these suggestions?

Answer 31

serial position effect

Question 32

You mother tell you to dress for success at your interview because it’s all about “first impressions”. In other words, she is telling you that people often remember what they see first. This belief is in line with what element of memory?

Answer 32

the primary effect

Question 33

Research by Elizabeth Loftus show that eyewitness recognition is very prone to what psychologists call

Answer 33

a false positive

Question 34

The tendency of certain element to enter long term memory with little or no effect to encode and organize them is what defines

Answer 34

automatic encoding

Question 35

The ability to vividly remember where you were and what you were doing when the United States was attacked on September 11, 2001, is an example of

Answer 35

flashbulb memory

Question 36

In Hermann Ebbinghaus’s classic study on memory and the forgetting curve, after leaning a list of nonsense syllable, forgetting occurred quickly during the first (blank) before tapering off.

Answer 36

hour

Question 37

You are surprised by the fact that you cannot remember if Abraham Lincoln’s head faces the left or the right on a penny. This is all the more surprising given the fact that you work with money at your job on nearly a daily basis. What would best explain the inability to recall this information?

Answer 37

encoding failure

Question 38

Henry Gustav Molaison, infamously known as H.M., was unable to form new declarative memories. He suffered from what psychologists call

Answer 38

anterograde amnesia

Question 39

In the case of Henry Gustav Molaison (H.M.), the memory problems that he experienced appeared after brain surgery was performed in the attempt to relieve a severe case of epilepsy. This this surgery Malison’s (blanks) and the adjacent medial temporal lobe structure were removed, inadvertently leading to an inability to store new personal or factual information.

Answer 39

hippocampi

Question 40

Researchers have found that it takes (blank) to view a mental image that is larger or cover more distance than a smaller or more compact one

Answer 40

longer

Question 41

Research suggests we engage mental images in our mind (blank) the way we engage or interact with physical objects

Answer 41

much like

Question 42

A psychologist asks people to envision a circle. Nest he asks them to draw the circle they envisioned. When comparing the pictures, almost all circles look identical. The fact that a circle typically fits a specific and rigid set of rules is an example of a

Answer 42

formal concept

Question 43

Trial and error is sometimes referred to as a (an)

Answer 43

mechanical solution

Question 44

John and Karen bought a new house with an unfinished basement. To determine how they want to finish it, they lay down tape on the floor showing where wall will go and rooms will be. This process of problem solving is knows as

Answer 44

working backward from the goal

Question 45

One day at work, Pauline’s earring fell on the floor and she was unable to find the back. To keep from losing her earring, Pauline reinserted it and used part of a pencil eraser to keep the earring in place. Using a pencil eraser as a temporary earring back showed that Pauline overcame:

Answer 45

Functional fixedness

Question 46

Which of the following questions would be most likely to produce divergent thinking?

Answer 46

How many uses can you think of for a clothes hanger?

Question 47

Charles Spearman defined intelligence as being comprised of both general intelligence and (blank) intelligence

Answer 47

sepcific

Question 48

According to Sternberg, intelligence is comprised of how many aspects?

Answer 48

three

Question 49

Which of the following tests came first?

Answer 49

Binet’s mental ability test

Question 50

Dr. Davenport gives all her classes 45 minutes to complete their psychology test regardless of whether the class meets for 50 minutes, 75 minutes, or even 3 hours. Such a technique ensures test

Answer 50

standardization

Question 51

In contrast to comparing mental age to chronological age, most modern tests of intelligence use (blank)

Answer 51

age-group comparison norms

Question 52

The goal of all test developers is to (blank) cultural bias in their intelligence tests

Answer 52

minimize

Question 53

Dr. Miller works with children who have grown up in poor socioeconomic conditions. Many of her clients come from homes that do not emphasize education or social involvement, and opportunities for advancement are practically nonexistent. Many are malnourished, have been exposed to a variety of environmental toxin, and have multiple infections without adequate or timely health care. What might these children be at risk for?

Answer 53

intellectual disability

Question 54

Dr. Thomas has found that William, her patient, has a defect in a gene on the X chromosome of his 23rd pair, which has resulted in a deficiency of a protein for William’s brain development. William most likely suffers from:

Answer 54

fragile X syndrome

Question 55

In Terman’s study of gifted children, mental health issues and relationships problems occurred only in those with IQ’s of

Answer 55

180 or higher

Question 56

What may the best predictor of why some people do not excel in school but essentially succeed in their life and career choices?

Answer 56

emotional intelligence

Question 57

What does the Flynn effect thoerize

Answer 57

Intelligence scores are steadily increasing in modernized countries

Question 58

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf theorized that (blank, a concept reflected in their linguistic relativity hypothesis

Answer 58

language shapes thoughts

Question 59

Cognitive universalism tends to (blank) the linguistic relativity hypothesis

Answer 59

Contradict

Question 60

The thinking and attitudes of many who survived the Depression of the 1930’s changed them for the rest of their lives. This would be an example of a

Answer 60

cohort effect

Question 61

If a person has one gene for blue eyes but actually has brown eyes, blue eyes must be a (blank) trait

Answer 61

recessive