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Science > Chapters 1-8 > Flashcards

Chapters 1-8 Flashcards

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1
Q

factor that is observed or measured to determine the results of the experiment

A

dependent variable

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2
Q

factor that is changed to test the hypothesis

A

independent variable

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3
Q

the law of cause and effect is also known as…

A

the principle of causality

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4
Q

4 limitations of science

A

scope, assumptions, approximations, bias

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5
Q

a conclusion based on reasoning from evidence

A

inference

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6
Q

the study of reasoning

A

logic

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7
Q

statement of fact is called a ?

A

proposition

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8
Q

reasoning from evidence to a more specific conclusion

A

deductive reasoning

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9
Q

a method where 2 situations are the same except for one factor, the factor is present in one but not the other.

A

method of difference

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10
Q

which fallacy occurs when a term is misleadingly used with 2 different meanings in a single argument

A

equivocation

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11
Q

use of science to solve practical problems

A

technology

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12
Q

3 steps of the engineering design process

A

defining the problem, designing a solution, and evaluating the solution

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13
Q

the property of matter that makes it resist changes in motion

A

inertia

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14
Q

the study of interactions between matter and energy

A

physics

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15
Q

for measured data to be meaningful, it has to include_________

A

units

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16
Q

a specific measure to which other measurements are compared to insure uniformity

A

standard of measure

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17
Q

3 ways to find the volume of an object

A

geometric formulas, direct volume measurement and fluid displacement.

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18
Q

equation for density is

A

d=m/v

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19
Q

the branches of physics developed before the 1900’s is called

A

classical physics

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20
Q

the study of motion and forces

A

dynamics

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21
Q

any change in velocity

A

acceleration

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22
Q

pushing or pulling if one object upon another

A

force

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23
Q

a diagram that represents the object and the forces on it without considering the cause

A

free-body diagram

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24
Q

what force causes a object to travel a curved path rather than a straight line

A

centripetal force

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25
Q

2 fundamental causes of friction

A

attraction and repulsion

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26
Q

a measure of how well a machine converts input work into output work

A

efficiency

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27
Q

matter that has no definite shape and can flow

A

fluid

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28
Q

atoms or molecules of the same substance held together by attraction

A

cohesion

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29
Q

the phenomenon in which liquids rise above or fall beneath their own levels

A

capillarity

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30
Q

the force exerted per unit of area

A

pressure

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31
Q

SI unit of pressure

A

pascal

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32
Q

pressure that is caused by gravity pulling on a liquid

A

gravitational pressure

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33
Q

an air tight reservoir of a liquid opening into 2 cylinders of different diameters fitted with movable pistons

A

hydraulic press

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34
Q

who’s law states that when temperature is held constant pressure and volume are inversely proportional

A

Boyle’s law

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35
Q

who’s law states that when pressure is held constant temperature and volume are directly proportional

A

Charles’s law

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36
Q

who’s law states that when volume is held constant temperature and pressure are directly proportional?

A

Amonton’s law

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37
Q

the gravitational pressure within the sea of air

A

atmospheric pressure

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38
Q

a device used to measure atmospheric pressure

A

barometer

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39
Q

a device used to measure altitude

A

altimeter

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40
Q

an upward force exerted by a fluid on a solid

A

buoyancy

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41
Q

who’s principle states that the buoyant force experienced by an object is exactly to the weight of the fluid displaced

A

Archimedes principle

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42
Q

the fluid friction that tends to slow an object as it moves through a fluid

A

drag

43
Q

the science of shaping an object to allow the smooth flow of fluids around them and reduce drag

A

streamlining

44
Q

a force on an object that is generated by a relative motion between the object and the fluid and is perpendicular to the direction of fluid flow

A

lift

45
Q

the phenomenon of a spinning cylinder or ball causing lift

A

magnus effect

46
Q

pressure exerted by a moving fluid decreases as the fluid speed increases

A

Bernoulli effect

47
Q

the ability to do work and change matter

A

energy

48
Q

energy from motion and forces that affect a whole object

A

mechanical energy

49
Q

the relationship between mass and energy

A

mass-energy equivalence e=mc2

50
Q

kinetic energy equation

A

Ek=1/2mv2

51
Q

an attractive force between all material objects

A

gravitational force

52
Q

which one of the 4 fundamental forces is the strongest

A

strong nuclear force

53
Q

potential energy caused by restorative forces

A

elastic potential energy

54
Q

energy resulting from the chemical combination of atoms into molecules

A

chemical energy

55
Q

the internal energy that an object has because of the random motion of its molecules

A

thermal energy

56
Q

the state at which no thermal energy is transferred between objects because they are the same temperature

A

thermal equilibrium

57
Q

amount of heat needed to change its temperature by a certain amount

A

heat capacity

58
Q

the ratio of an object’s heat capacity to the object’s mass

A

specific heat

59
Q

a device designed to measure the heat involved in physical and chemical changes

A

calorimeter

60
Q

a device that automatically regulates temperature

A

thermostat

61
Q

3 types of heat transfer

A

conduction, radiation, convection

62
Q

daytime winds that blow from the sea to the land

A

sea breezes

63
Q

a bottle designed to keep things hot

A

dewar flask

64
Q

the branch of physics that deals with thermal energy

A

thermodynamics

65
Q

the hidden heat absorbed or released when a substance goes through a change of state

A

latent heat

66
Q

most important part of a heat pump

A

refrigerant

67
Q

where the refrigerant cools and releases heat to its surroundings

A

condenser

68
Q

the temperature at which a liquid cannot exist in its liquid state but changes into a gas

A

critical temperature

69
Q

2 types of waves

A

transverse, longitudinal

70
Q

high point in a transverse wave

A

crest

71
Q

places in a longitudinal wave where the wave is compressed

A

compression pulse

72
Q

the maximum distance particles are displaced by a wave

A

amplitude

73
Q

the time needed for one cycl to pass

A

period

74
Q

the rate at which a wave travels through a medium

A

speed

75
Q

the strength of a sound wave

A

intensity

76
Q

sounds below the audible hearing range

A

infrasonic

77
Q

sounds above the audible hearing range

A

ultrasonic

78
Q

the multiple reflections that cause persistence of sound

A

reverberation

79
Q

a sound heard distinctly after being reflected from some object

A

echo

80
Q

a sound of definite pitch

A

note

81
Q

when to notes interfere harmoniously

A

consonance

82
Q

when two notes interfere in a more disagreeable way

A

dissonance

83
Q

the distance between two notes

A

interval

84
Q

each burst of louder sound

A

beat

85
Q

the sound with the lowest frequency on an instrument

A

fundamental

86
Q

the other sounds produced with at higher frequencies then the fundamental

A

overtones

87
Q

the frequency relationships between the fundamental and the overtones

A

harmonic series

88
Q

the set of frequencies at which an object fibrates

A

natural frequencies

89
Q

two notes frequencies are the same or nearly the same

A

resonance

90
Q

reverberates the sound waves produced by the instrument to make the sound louder by resonance

A

resonator

91
Q

Newton published what book with his discoveries of light

A

Opticks

92
Q

newton proposed what theory of light

A

particle theory

93
Q

light above a certain frequency can knock electrons loose from atoms of certain metals

A

photoelectric effect

94
Q

tiny bundles of energy

A

photons

95
Q

electromagnetic waves that the human eye can perceive

A

visible light

96
Q

additive primary colours

A

red green blue

97
Q

subtractive primary colours

A

cyan, magenta, yellow

98
Q

a piece of glass designed to refract light

A

lens

99
Q

lens that curves outward and magnifies an object

A

convex

100
Q

lens that curves inward and shrinks an object

A

concave

101
Q

what occurs when light rays from a distant object are refracted by heated air so that the object appears to be nearby

A

mirage

102
Q

twinkling of stars

A

scintillation

103
Q

the process in which colors that depend on the viewing angle are produced by interference

A

iridescence

104
Q

who showed that the energy of photon depends on its frequency?

A

Max Planck

Science (2 decks)

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