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BCOR 1 > Chapters 1-7 > Flashcards

Chapters 1-7 Flashcards

1
Q

Biology

A

the scientific study of life

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2
Q

What are the properties of life?

A

Order, evolutionary adaption, regulation, energy processing, growth and development, response to the environment, reproduction

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3
Q

What are the levels of biological organization from smallest to largest?

A

Molecules, Organelles, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms, Populations, Communities, Ecosystems, Biosphere

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4
Q

Reductionism

A

Zooming in through the levels of the biological hierarchy at ever-finer resolution

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5
Q

Molecule

A

a chemical structure consisting of two or more units called atoms

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6
Q

Organelles

A

the various functional components present in cells

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7
Q

Cells

A

life’s fundamental unit of structure and function

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8
Q

Tissues

A

group of cells that work together, performing a specialized function

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9
Q

Organs

A

a body part that is made up of multiple tissues and has specific functions in the body

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10
Q

Organisms

A

individual living things

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11
Q

Populations

A

consists of all the individuals of species living within the bounds of a specified area

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12
Q

Communities

A

the array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem

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13
Q

Ecosystem

A

consists of all living things in a particular area, along with all the nonliving components of the environment with which life interacts, such as soil, water, atmospheric gases, and light

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14
Q

Biosphere

A

consists of all life on earth and all the places where life exists; most regions of land, most bodies of water, the atmosphere to an altitude of several kilometers, and even sediments far below the ocean floor

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15
Q

Emergent Properties

A

properties that emerge at each level that are absent from the preceding ones

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16
Q

Systems Biology

A

the exploration of a biological system by analyzing the. interactions among its part

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17
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

contain membrane-enclosed organelles; some organelles, such as the DNA-containing nucleus, are found in the cells of all eukaryotes; other organelles are specific to particular cell types

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18
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

lacks a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles; generally smaller than eukaryotic cells

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19
Q

DNA

A

(deoxyribonucleic acid) genetic material found in structures called chromosomes; it is replicated before the cells divides
made up of two long chains, called strands arranged in a double helix
each chain is made up of four kinds of chemical building blocks called nucleotides, abbreviated A,T,C,G

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20
Q

Genes

A

a section of the DNA of the chromosome

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21
Q

Nucleotides in DNA

A

A T C G

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22
Q

Gene expression

A

the entire process by which the information in a gene directs the manufacture of a cellular product

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23
Q

Why are there differences in organisms (relate to genetics)

A

there are differences between the nucleotide sequences rather than between their genetic codes

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24
Q

Genome

A

the entire “library” of genetic information

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25
Q

Genomics

A

when researchers study a whole set of genes in one or more species

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26
Q

Proteomics

A

the study of sets of proteins and their properties

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27
Q

Proteome

A

the entire set of proteins expressed by a given cell, tissue, or organism

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28
Q

Bioinformatics

A

the use of computational tools to store, organize, and analyze the huge volume of data that results from high throughput methods
it is a research development that has made the genomic and proteomic approaches possible

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29
Q

Three research developments that have made genomic and proteomic approaches possible

A

the high throughput technology=tools that analyze many biological samples very rapidly
bioinformatics
formation of interdisciplinary research teams=groups of diverse specialists

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30
Q

Producers

A

those living things that pass chemical energy in from them (plants) to consumers

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31
Q

Consumers

A

organisms, such as animals, that feed on other organisms or their remains

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32
Q

Feedback regulation

A

the output or product of a process that regulates that very process
For example: negative feedback is a response that reduces the initial stimulus

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33
Q

Climate change

A

a directional change to the global climate that lasts for three decades or more

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34
Q

Evolution

A

the scientific explanation for the unity and diversity of organisms, as well as for the adaption of organisms to their particular environments

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35
Q

Three domains of life

A

Bacteria, Archea and Eukarya

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36
Q

What are the prokaryotic domains of life

A

Bacteria and archea

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37
Q

What is/are the eukaryotic domains of life

A

Eukarya: includes=the kingdom plantae, the kingdom fungi, kingdom Animalia, and the protists

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38
Q

Natural Selection

A

Darwin’s theory of adaption; the natural environment selects for the propagation of certain traits among naturally occurring variant traits in the population

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39
Q

Science

A

A way of knowing, an approach to understanding the natural world

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40
Q

Inquiry

A

A search for information and explanations of natural phenomena
Process: making observations, forming logical, testable explanations (hypotheses), and testing them

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41
Q

Data

A

Recorded observations
Qualitative: often in the form of recorded descriptions rather than numerical measurements
Quantitative: generally expressed as numerical measurements and often organized into tables and graphs–scientists use statisitics

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42
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

deriving generalizations from a large number of specific observations from collecting and analyzing important conclusions

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43
Q

Hypothesis

A

an explanation, based on observations and assumptions, that leads to a testable prediction
an explanation on trial
rational accounting for a set of observations, based on the available data and guided by inductive reasoning

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44
Q

Experiment

A

a scientific test, carried out under controlled conditions

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45
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

logic that flows from the general to the specific
predictions of results that will be found if a particular hypothesis is correct
“if…,then….”

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46
Q

Controlled experiment

A

one that is designed to compare an experimental group with a control group

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47
Q

Variables

A

the factor that is manipulated and the factor that is subsequently measured–the factor or quantity that varies in the experiment

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48
Q

Independent variable

A

the factor being manipulated

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49
Q

Dependent variable

A

the factor being measured that is predicted to be affected by the independent variable

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50
Q

Theory

A

much broader than a hypothesis; generates new hypothesis, supported by a large body of evidence

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51
Q

Matter

A

anything that takes up space or has mass

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52
Q

Element

A

a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions

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53
Q

Compound

A

a substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio

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54
Q

Essential elements

A

elements that an organism needs to live a healthy ;life a reproduce

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55
Q

Trace elements

A

are required by an organism in only minute quantities

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56
Q

Atomic number

A

number of protons

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57
Q

Mass number

A

the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

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58
Q

Isotopes

A

atoms that have more neutrons than other atoms of the same element and therefore have greater mass

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59
Q

Radioactive isotope

A

one in which the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy
when the radioactive decay leads to a change in the number of protons, it transforms the atom to an atom of a different element

60
Q

Half-life

A

time it takes for 50% to decay

61
Q

Radiometric dating

A

scientists measure the ratio of different isotopes and calculate how many half-lives have passed since an organism or a rock was formed

62
Q

Covalent bonds

A

the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms

63
Q

Valence

A

the bonding capacity of the atom…usually equals the number of unpaired electrons required to complete the atom’s outermost shell

64
Q

Nonpolar covalent bond

A

electrons are shared equally because the two atoms have the same electronegativity

65
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

when an atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom, the electrons are not shared equally

66
Q

Most electronegative elements (1)

A

Oxygen

67
Q

Ionic bonds

A

the attraction of cations and anions–when two atoms are so unequal in their attraction for valence electrons that the more electronegative atom strips an electron from the other=anion and cation

68
Q

What are compounds formed by ionic bonds called?

A

Salts

69
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

the attraction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom

70
Q

Van der Waals Interactions

A

weak bonds; ever-changing regions of positive and negative charge that enable all atoms and molecules to stick to one another (gecko)

71
Q

Products

A

the resulting materials

72
Q

Reactants

A

the starting materials

73
Q

Chemical equilibrium

A

the point at which reactions offset one another
the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate
relative concentrations of products and reactants stops changing

74
Q

Which of the following statements correctly describes any chemical reaction that has reached equilibrium?
A. the reaction is irreversible
B. the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal
C. both toward and reverse reactions have halted
D. the concentrations of products and reactants are equal

A

B. the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal

75
Q

Four emergent properties of water

A

cohesive behavior, ability to moderate temperature, expansion upon freezing, and versatility as a solvent

76
Q

Cohesion

A

hydrogen bonds hold a substance together
hydrogen bonding=contribues to the transport of water and dissolved nutrients against gravity in plants
mutual attraction between two of the same molecules

77
Q

Adhesion

A

the clinging of one substance together

two different substances

78
Q

Surface tension

A

a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid
related to cohesion

79
Q

How does water moderate air temperature

A

absorbs heat from the air that is warmed and releasing stored heat to air that is cooler

80
Q

How is water effective as a heat bank

A

it can absorb or release relatively large amounts of heat with only a slight canoe in its own temperature

81
Q

Thermal energy

A

the kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules

82
Q

Temperature

A

the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a body of matter, regardless of volume

83
Q

Thermal energy v. temperature

A

Temperature is the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a body of matter, regardless of volume, whereas thermal energy of a body of matter reflects the total kinetic energy, depending on the volume

84
Q

Heat

A

the thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another

85
Q

Energy units

A

Calories/Joules

86
Q

Specific heat

A

the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 gram of that substance to change its temperature b 1 degree Celsius

87
Q

Describe water’s specific heat

A

water has a high specific heat relative to other materials and will therefore change its temperature less than other liquids when it absorbs or loses a given amount of heat

88
Q

Heat of vaporization

A

the quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state

89
Q

Evaporative cooling

A

the “hottest” molecules, those with the greatest kinetic energy, are the most likely to leave as gas

90
Q

Why does solid water float?

A

Hydrogen bonding=the hydrogen bonds keep the molecules at arms length, far enough apart to make ice about 10% less dense than liquid water
Lower density

91
Q

Why is it important that ice floats

A

life would be impossible everything froze solid…it also provides a solid habitat for animals like polar bears and protects animals below

92
Q

Solution

A

a liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

93
Q

Solvent

A

the dissolving agent of a solution (water)

94
Q

Solute

A

the substance that is dissolved (sugar)

95
Q

Aqueous solution

A

one in which the solute is dissolved in water

96
Q

Hydrogen Ion

A

results from when an occasional hydrogen atom participating in a hydrogen bond between two water molecules shifts from one molecule to another…this is the single proton with a charge of 1+

97
Q

Hydroxide ion (OH-)

A

the water molecule that lost a proton

98
Q

Hydronium ion (H30+)

A

the water molecule that gained a proton

99
Q

Molecular mass

A

the sum of all the masses of all atoms in a molecule

100
Q

Molarity

A

the number of moles of solute per liter of solution

101
Q

Acid

A

a substance that increases the proton concentration (H+) of a solution

102
Q

Base

A

a substance that reduces the H+ concentration of a solution

103
Q

pH

A

the negative logarithm of the h+ concentration written as

ph=-log [H+]

104
Q

Buffers

A

substances that minimize changes in the concentrations of protons and hydroxide ions in a solution
contain a weak acid and its corresponding base

105
Q

Ocean Acidification

A

when CO2 dissolves in seawater, it reacts with water to form carbonic acid, which lowers ocean pH

106
Q

Two ways a base can make a solution basic

A
  1. reduce the H+ concentration by accepting hydrogen ions
    NH3 + H+ = NH4+
  2. reduce the h+ concentration by forming hydroxide bonds which bond to hydrogen ions and form water
107
Q

Organic Chemistry

A

the study of compounds contain carbon which are said to be organic because they were thought to arise only in living organism and contain a life force beyond the jurisdiction of physical and chemical laws. however, this was wrong and it could be produced in a lab

108
Q

Stanley Miller’s Research

A

found that complex organic molecules could have arose spontaneously under conditions thought at the time to have existed on the early earth.

109
Q

Structure of carbon molecule when two are connected by a single bond

A

Tetrahedral

110
Q

Structure of a carbon molecule when two are connected by a double bond

A

Flat

111
Q

Ways that carbon skeletons can vary

A

length (amount of carbon atoms), branching, double bond position, presence of rings

112
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

organic molecules only consisting of carbon and hydrogen

113
Q

Isomers and types

A

compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements (same molecular formulas!!) but different structures and hence different properties
structural, cis-trans, enantiomers

114
Q

Structural isomers

A

differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms, or their branching

115
Q

Cis-trans isomers

A

have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but these atoms differ in their spatial arrangements due to the inflexibility of double bonds…differ in arrangement about a double bond

116
Q

Enantiomers

A

are isomers that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon, one that is attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms

117
Q

What are the functional groups?

A

hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, and methyl

118
Q

Hydroxyl Group

A

(–OH) is polar due to electronegative oxygen. forms hydrogen bonds with water, helping dissolve compounds like sugar

119
Q

Carbonyl Group

A

(>C=O) (carbon has two single bonds and is double bonded to oxygen) sugars with ketone groups are called ketoses; those with aldehydes are called aldoses

120
Q

Carboxyl Group

A

(–COOH) (carbon is single bonded to something and OH and double bonded to O) acts as an acid–donates h+ because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is polar

121
Q

Amino Group

A

(–NH2) all single bonds–acts as a base; can pick up an H+ from the surrounding solution

122
Q

Sulfhydryl Group

A

(–SH) two react to form a cross-link that help stabilize protein structure

123
Q

Phosphate Group

A

(–OPO3^2-) contributes to negative charge. confers on a molecule the ability to react with water

124
Q

Methyl Group

A

(–CH3) all single bonds–affects the expression of genes when on DNA or on proteins bound to DNA

125
Q

Macromolecules

A

members of these three classes–carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids–are huge

126
Q

Polymer

A

a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by COVALENT bonds

127
Q

Monomers

A

the repeating unites that serve as the building blocks of a polymer

128
Q

Enzymes

A

specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions

129
Q

Dehydration reaction

A

the reaction connecting monomers in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other with the loss of a water molecule

130
Q

Hydrolysis

A

polymers are disassembled into monomers when the bond between monomers is broken by the addition of a water molecule with a hydrogen from water attaching to one monomer and the hydroxyl from water attaching to another

131
Q

Carbohydrates

A

include sugars and polymers of sugars

132
Q

Monosaccarides

A

the simplest carbohydrates, simple sugars

133
Q

Aldose

A

Carbonyl group at the end of a carbon skeleton

134
Q

Ketose

A

carbonyl group within the carbon skeleton

135
Q

Disaccaride

A

two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage

136
Q

What kind of bond bonds disaccharides?

A

glycosidic linkages

137
Q

Polysaccarides

A

macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages. Some are storage material, some are building material

138
Q

Storage Polysaccharides

A

Starch and glycogen

139
Q

Starch

A

stored by plants, a polymer of glucose monomers, as granules within cellular structures known as plastids, they store glucose

140
Q

Glycogen

A

stored by animals, a polymer of glucose that is like amylopectin but more extensively branched

141
Q

Structural Polysaccharides

A

Cellulose and Chitin

142
Q

Cellulose

A

major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells

143
Q

Chitin

A

the carbohydrate used by arthropods (insects, spiders, crustaceans, and related animals) to build their exoskeletons–the hard case that surrounds the soft parts of an animal

144
Q

Lipids and what are they bonded by

A

they mix poorly, if at all with water (hydrophobic behavior) connected by Ester bonds

145
Q

Fat

A

constructed from two kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids

146
Q

Fatty Acid

A

has a long carbon skeleton, the carbon at one end is a part of a carboxyl group, the functional group that gives it the name fatty acid.

147
Q

Triacylglycerol

A

consists of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule

BCOR 1 (2 decks)

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