Chapters 1 - 7

Question 1

correlational studies

Answer 1

shows some sort of connection to 2 or more variables

“correlation does not equal causation”

Question 2

correlation coefficent

Answer 2

1. indicates relationship
2 tells us how strong the correlation is
3. positive # - positive correlation
4.  negative # = negative correlation
5. further away from 0, the stronger the correlation

Question 3

positive correlation

Answer 3

when one increases, the other increases

Question 4

negative correlation

Answer 4

when one increases, the other decreases

Question 5

independent variable

Answer 5

variable that is manipulated

Question 6

dependent variable

Answer 6

always what you measure

Question 7

Five assumptions/characteristics of life-span perspective

Answer 7

Life-span perspective - takes into account all phases of life, not just childhood or adulthood

1. multi-directional
2. multi-contextual
3. multi-cultural
4. multi-disciplinary
5. plasticity

Question 8

multidirectional

Answer 8

multiple changes - in every direction - characterize the life span

critical period - when something must happen to ensure normal development or the only time an abnormality might occur (thalidomide)

sensitive period - when a particular development occurs more easily (learning a language)

Question 9

multicontextual

Answer 9

contexts include: physical, family, community

Bonfenbrenner - ecological-systems approach

1. microsystem: person’s immediate surroundings (family & peer group)
2. exosystem: school & church
3. macrosystem: larger social setting - cultural values, economic policies, & political processes
4. chronosystem: historical context
5. mesosystem: connections among other systems

Question 10

multicultural

Answer 10

taking into account that each culture has its own set of beliefs, values, practices

Question 11

advantages and limitations of correlation

Answer 11

advantage - shows relationship between to variables

limitations - only shows a connection; does not equal causation

Question 12

Bioecological systems approach

Answer 12

Bronfenbrenner

1. microsystem: person’s immediate surroundings (family and peer group)
2. mesosystem: connections among other systems
3. exosystem: school and church
4. macrosystem: larger social setting - cultural values, economic policies, and political processes
5. chronosystem: historical context

Question 13

What do developmental theories do?

Answer 13

Orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explains and predicts behavior

• Also guide observation and generate new information

Question 14

Erikson - psychosocial theory

ages and stages

Answer 14

birth - 1 yr: basic trust/mistrust

1 - 3 yrs: autonomy vs. shame and guilt

3 - 6 yrs: initiative vs. guilt

6-11 yrs: industry vs. inferiority

adolescence: identity vs. identity confusion

young adulthood: intimacy vs. isolation

middle adult: generativity/stagnation

old age: integrity/despair

Question 15

Sensorimotor

Infants use sensesand motor abilities to understand the world. Learning is active, w/o reflection

Answer 15

Piaget’s cognitive development

Birth to age 2

Question 16

Pre operational

Children think symbolically, w/language, yet children are egocentric, perceiving from their own perspective

Answer 16

Piaget’s cognitive development

2-6 years

Question 17

Concrete operational

Children understand and apply logic. Thinking is limited by direct experience

Answer 17

Piaget’s cognitive development

6-11 years old

Question 18

Formal operational

Adolescents and adults use abstract and hypothetical concepts. They can use analysis, not only emotion.

Answer 18

Piaget’s cognitive development

12 yrs - adulthood

Question 19

Behaviorism

Answer 19

Theory that studies observable behavior.

Also called learning theory b/c it describes the laws and processes by which behavior is learned.

Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning

Question 20

Conditioning

Answer 20

According to behaviorism, process by which responses become linked to particular stimuli and learning takes place.
Repeat practice needed in order to learn

Question 21

Classical conditioning

Answer 21

Pavlov

Learning process where a meaningful stimulus is connected to a neutral stimulus that has no special meaning before the conditioning.

Question 22

Operant conditioning

Answer 22

BF Skinner

Learning process by which a particular action is followed by something desired or unwanted.

Question 23

Vygotsky’s theory

Answer 23

sociocultural = social interaction
culture and people affect development

zone of proximal development
apprenticeship in thinking

Question 24

zone of proximal development

Answer 24

what a child can do with help

Question 25

apprenticeship in thinking

Answer 25

cognition is stimulated and developed in people by more skilled members of society

Question 26

Erikson

birth - 1

Answer 26

trust/mistrust

Question 27

Erikson

1-3 years

Answer 27

autonomy / shame and guilt

Question 28

Erikson

3-6 years

Answer 28

initiative / guilt

Question 29

Erikson

6-11 years

Answer 29

industry / inferiority

Question 30

Erikson

adolescence

Answer 30

identity / identity confusion

Question 31

Erikson

young adulthood

Answer 31

intimacy / isolation

Question 32

Erikson

middle adulthood

Answer 32

generativity / stagnation

Question 33

Erikson

old age

Answer 33

integrity / despair

Question 34

cognitive equilibrium

Answer 34

a state of mental balance in which people are not confused b/c they can use their existing thought processes to understand current experiences and ideas

People seek out cognitive equilibrium

Question 35

assimilation

Answer 35

new experiences are reinterpreted to fit into old ideas

Question 36

accommodation

Answer 36

old ideas are restructured to include (or accommodate) new experiences

Question 37

gastrulation

Answer 37

process after which the blastula is in 3 layers

1. Endoderm (internal layer)
2. Mesoderm (middle)
3. Ectoderm (outer)

Question 38

endoderm

Answer 38

lungs, thyroid, pancreas

Question 39

mesoderm

Answer 39

heart, skeletal muscles, kidneys, red blood cells, smooth muscle

Question 40

ectoderm

Answer 40

skin, nervous system, brain

Question 41

what is SRY?

Answer 41

sex determining portion of the Y chromosome

Question 42

age of viability

Answer 42

22-24 weeks

point at which baby can live outside of mother

Question 43

Klinefelter syndrome

Answer 43

XXY (47 chromosomes)

1 in 700

Question 44

Turner’s Syndrome

Answer 44

X w/partial or no X (45 chromosomes)

1 in 2000

Question 45

Jacob’s syndrome

Answer 45

XYY (47 chromosomes)

1 in 1000

Question 46

germinal stage

Answer 46

first 14 days

• conception
• implantation (7th-9th day)
• placenta
• umbilical cord

Question 47

embryonic period

Answer 47

from 3rd to 8th week

• gastrulation - 3 layers of cells
• limb formation

Question 48

Fetal period

Answer 48

9th week to birth

• sexual differentiation (SRY)
• development
  
  • • cephalocaudal (head to tail)
  • • proximodistal (from inside out)
• age of viability – 22 - 24 weeks
• maturation during final weeks

Question 49

teratogens

Answer 49

cross the placenta and cause harm to baby

Question 50

holophrase

Answer 50

a single word used to express a complete, meaningful thought.

Question 51

3 Theories of language development

Answer 51

1. infants need to be taught - behaviorism
2. social impulses foster infant language - socio/cultural
3. infants teach themselves - genetically programmed; arises from universal human impulse to imitate (language is experience-expectant)

Question 52

language acquisition device (LAD)

Answer 52

Chomsky - hypothesized mental structure that enables children (as their brain develops) to derive rules of grammar quickly & effectively from speech they hear every day

Question 53

hybrid theory

Answer 53

• a combination of all three theories

- some children learn better one way, others another way

Question 54

babbling

Answer 54

infant’s repeat of certain syllables that begins between 6 - 9 months

Question 55

naming explosion

Answer 55

• sudden increase in infant’s vocabulary, especially in # of nouns.
• begins about 18 months.