Chapters 1 - 7 Flashcards
correlational studies
shows some sort of connection to 2 or more variables
“correlation does not equal causation”
correlation coefficent
1. indicates relationship 2 tells us how strong the correlation is 3. positive # - positive correlation 4. negative # = negative correlation 5. further away from 0, the stronger the correlation
positive correlation
when one increases, the other increases
negative correlation
when one increases, the other decreases
independent variable
variable that is manipulated
dependent variable
always what you measure
Five assumptions/characteristics of life-span perspective
Life-span perspective - takes into account all phases of life, not just childhood or adulthood
- multi-directional
- multi-contextual
- multi-cultural
- multi-disciplinary
- plasticity
multidirectional
multiple changes - in every direction - characterize the life span
critical period - when something must happen to ensure normal development or the only time an abnormality might occur (thalidomide)
sensitive period - when a particular development occurs more easily (learning a language)
multicontextual
contexts include: physical, family, community
Bonfenbrenner - ecological-systems approach
- microsystem: person’s immediate surroundings (family & peer group)
- exosystem: school & church
- macrosystem: larger social setting - cultural values, economic policies, & political processes
- chronosystem: historical context
- mesosystem: connections among other systems
multicultural
taking into account that each culture has its own set of beliefs, values, practices
advantages and limitations of correlation
advantage - shows relationship between to variables
limitations - only shows a connection; does not equal causation
Bioecological systems approach
Bronfenbrenner
- microsystem: person’s immediate surroundings (family and peer group)
- mesosystem: connections among other systems
- exosystem: school and church
- macrosystem: larger social setting - cultural values, economic policies, and political processes
- chronosystem: historical context
What do developmental theories do?
Orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explains and predicts behavior
- Also guide observation and generate new information
Erikson - psychosocial theory
ages and stages
birth - 1 yr: basic trust/mistrust
1 - 3 yrs: autonomy vs. shame and guilt
3 - 6 yrs: initiative vs. guilt
6-11 yrs: industry vs. inferiority
adolescence: identity vs. identity confusion
young adulthood: intimacy vs. isolation
middle adult: generativity/stagnation
old age: integrity/despair
Sensorimotor
Infants use sensesand motor abilities to understand the world. Learning is active, w/o reflection
Piaget’s cognitive development
Birth to age 2
Pre operational
Children think symbolically, w/language, yet children are egocentric, perceiving from their own perspective
Piaget’s cognitive development
2-6 years
Concrete operational
Children understand and apply logic. Thinking is limited by direct experience
Piaget’s cognitive development
6-11 years old
Formal operational
Adolescents and adults use abstract and hypothetical concepts. They can use analysis, not only emotion.
Piaget’s cognitive development
12 yrs - adulthood
Behaviorism
Theory that studies observable behavior.
Also called learning theory b/c it describes the laws and processes by which behavior is learned.
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Conditioning
According to behaviorism, process by which responses become linked to particular stimuli and learning takes place.
Repeat practice needed in order to learn
Classical conditioning
Pavlov
Learning process where a meaningful stimulus is connected to a neutral stimulus that has no special meaning before the conditioning.
Operant conditioning
BF Skinner
Learning process by which a particular action is followed by something desired or unwanted.
Vygotsky’s theory
sociocultural = social interaction
culture and people affect development
zone of proximal development
apprenticeship in thinking
zone of proximal development
what a child can do with help
apprenticeship in thinking
cognition is stimulated and developed in people by more skilled members of society
Erikson
birth - 1
trust/mistrust
Erikson
1-3 years
autonomy / shame and guilt
Erikson
3-6 years
initiative / guilt
Erikson
6-11 years
industry / inferiority
Erikson
adolescence
identity / identity confusion
Erikson
young adulthood
intimacy / isolation
Erikson
middle adulthood
generativity / stagnation
Erikson
old age
integrity / despair
cognitive equilibrium
a state of mental balance in which people are not confused b/c they can use their existing thought processes to understand current experiences and ideas
People seek out cognitive equilibrium
assimilation
new experiences are reinterpreted to fit into old ideas
accommodation
old ideas are restructured to include (or accommodate) new experiences
gastrulation
process after which the blastula is in 3 layers
- Endoderm (internal layer)
- Mesoderm (middle)
- Ectoderm (outer)
endoderm
lungs, thyroid, pancreas
mesoderm
heart, skeletal muscles, kidneys, red blood cells, smooth muscle
ectoderm
skin, nervous system, brain
what is SRY?
sex determining portion of the Y chromosome
age of viability
22-24 weeks
point at which baby can live outside of mother
Klinefelter syndrome
XXY (47 chromosomes)
1 in 700
Turner’s Syndrome
X w/partial or no X (45 chromosomes)
1 in 2000
Jacob’s syndrome
XYY (47 chromosomes)
1 in 1000
germinal stage
first 14 days
- conception
- implantation (7th-9th day)
- placenta
- umbilical cord
embryonic period
from 3rd to 8th week
- gastrulation - 3 layers of cells
- limb formation
Fetal period
9th week to birth
- sexual differentiation (SRY)
- development
- cephalocaudal (head to tail)
- proximodistal (from inside out)
- age of viability – 22 - 24 weeks
- maturation during final weeks
teratogens
cross the placenta and cause harm to baby
holophrase
a single word used to express a complete, meaningful thought.
3 Theories of language development
- infants need to be taught - behaviorism
- social impulses foster infant language - socio/cultural
- infants teach themselves - genetically programmed; arises from universal human impulse to imitate (language is experience-expectant)
language acquisition device (LAD)
Chomsky - hypothesized mental structure that enables children (as their brain develops) to derive rules of grammar quickly & effectively from speech they hear every day
hybrid theory
- a combination of all three theories
- some children learn better one way, others another way
babbling
infant’s repeat of certain syllables that begins between 6 - 9 months
naming explosion
- sudden increase in infant’s vocabulary, especially in # of nouns.
- begins about 18 months.
