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Poli Sci 11 > Chapters 1-7 > Flashcards

Chapters 1-7 Flashcards

1
Q

Anarchism

A

A form of government where there is little to no government intervention. Concerned with the threats posed on social communities.

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2
Q

Authoritarian/Autocratic

A

A “democratic” system in which the policymakers are chosen by military council, hereditary families, dominant political parties, and such. Citizens are wither ignored or pressed into symbolic assent to the government’s choices.

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3
Q

Democracy

A

A political system in which citizens enjoy a number of basic civil and political rights, and in which their most important political leaders are elected in free and fair elections and are accountable under a rule of law. “Government by the people.”

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4
Q

Democratization

A

A process or movement in which one or multiple countries evolve or revolutionize to become democracies. A recent one is the 1974 movement in chich Southern Europe, East Asia, Latin America, and some African States became democracies. Central and Eastern Europe are experiencing dramatic change.

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5
Q

Governments

A

Organizations of individuals who have the power to make binding decisions on behalf of a particular community.

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6
Q

State of Nature

A

The condition of humankind if no government existed. Although debated to what would happen, the general consensus is that it would be bad as humans are inherently evil.

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7
Q

Political Culture

A

The public’s exceptions towards the political process and its role within the process. The more this is shared, the easier it is to coexist and thrive.

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8
Q

Public Goods

A

A good that is public, can be enjoyed universally, and one’s enjoyment of it cannot be withheld from anyone else in the community. (Clean air)

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9
Q

Externalities

A

Costs of an activity not borne by the producer or the user, usually the government is expected to take care of it. (Pollution)

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10
Q

Libertarianism

A

A political/philosophical tradition in which the role of modern government is criticized for its encroachment on individual freedoms. (Not to be confused with Anarchism)

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11
Q

Human Rights

A

God-given rights that each individual deserves. What they are specifically are debated, but the government has violated them on multiple occasions.

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12
Q

Rent-seeking

A

When a politician or political group uses the government to reap benefits unfairly at the public’s expense. (Rents are benefits via government intervention)

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13
Q

Political System

A

A particular type of social system that is involved in making of authoritative public decisions.

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14
Q

European Union

A

The international union whose goal is to unify Europe in currency and laws while attempting (and often failing) to promote peace and unity.

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15
Q

Vested Interests

A

The government’s self-interests and self-benefits that could impact citizens or others negatively due to lack of change or reform.

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16
Q

Nation-States

A

Individuals living together with a common national identity. A way to organize a political system.

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17
Q

State

A

A political system with sovereignty, boundaries, population, and interaction with other states.

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18
Q

Sovereignty

A

Independent legal authority over a population in a particular territory.

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19
Q

Globalization

A

The process of countries becoming more open and dependent on each other.

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20
Q

United Nations

A

Formed at the end of WWII, it’s a collection of representatives from various nations to promote peace, unity, and globalization.

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21
Q

Nation

A

Group of people with a common identity.

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22
Q

Ethnicity

A

Max Weber’s Definition: “those human groups that entertain a subjective belief in their common descent because of similarities of physical type or of customs or both, or because of memories of colonization and migrations.” No blood relationship necessary.

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23
Q

Religious Fundamentalism

A

Belief in truth of their sacred text and a rallying point. Made to combat modernization.

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24
Q

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

A

A measure of a nation’s economic development. Used as correlation to a nation’s health and well-being.

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25
Q

Equality of Income

A

The equal and fair division of wealth. Measured by correlating the wealthiest 10% versus the bottom 40% and correlated with living conditions, well-being, and GDP.

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26
Q

Dictatorship

A

Ruled by very few, usually cruelly. Party means one party rules all, military means militia rules, and personal is one person.

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27
Q

Conceptual Framework

A

A set of accepted concepts that are defined, well-understood, and used as a basis for extensive studying.

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28
Q

Intersubjective

A

Understood and used in the same way by different subjects.

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29
Q

Genreal

A

A declaration as a rule with exceptions, but usually accepted as the norm or typical.

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30
Q

Theories

A

Precisely formulated and well-supported statements about casual relationships among general classes of political events.

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31
Q

Hypothesis

A

Casual explanations that have not yet been proven.

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32
Q

Variables

A

Features on which cases differ

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33
Q

Data

A

Information that was gathered through testing and observation.

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34
Q

System

A

An object with interdependent parts, acting within a setting or environment.

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35
Q

Imputs

A

Something given into a system .

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36
Q

Outputs

A

The expected results from a system after inputs are given.

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37
Q

Interdependence

A

The dependence of multiple parts of a system with other parts of the system, and vice verse.

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38
Q

Structures

A

Institutions or agencies in a government with a specific job to help the public good.

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39
Q

Functions

A

The tasks expected from structures so that it can enable the government to do its jobs.

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40
Q

Process Functions

A

The distinctive functions needed for policy to be made and implanted in any kind of political system.

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41
Q

Interest Articulation

A

Individuals expressing their needs and demands.

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42
Q

Interest Aggregation

A

Combines different demands into policy proposals backed by significant political resources.

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43
Q

Policymaking

A

Deciding which policy proposals become authoritative rules.

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44
Q

Policy Implementation

A

Carrying out and enforcing public policies

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45
Q

Policy Adjudication

A

Settling disputes about policy application.

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46
Q

Structural-Function Approach

A

A) Different countries may have the same structure performing different functions. B) Institutions often do not have a monopoly on any function. They are classified into Socialization, Recruitment, and Communication.

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47
Q

System Functions

A

The functions of the political system that help the system determine whether the system will be maintained or changed.

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48
Q

Public Socialization

A

Involves families, schools, communications media, churches, and all the various political structures that develop, reinforce, and transform the political culture, the attitudes of political significance in the society.

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49
Q

Political Recruitment

A

The selection of people for political activity and government offices.

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50
Q

Political Communication

A

The flow of information through the society and the various structures that make up the political system.

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51
Q

Extraction

A

Removal in order to use for own good or good of all. (Taxes)

52
Q

Regulation

A

Control of something (behavior)

53
Q

Distribution

A

The act of giving goods to others in an equal manner, such as services for the elderly.

54
Q

Policy level/performance

A

The extractions, distributions, regulations, and symbolic acts of the government.

55
Q

Legitimacy

A

The recognition of power by its citizens.

56
Q

Modernization

A

The trend of becoming a influenced by science, altering the social, economic, and political culture.

57
Q

Political Subcultures

A

What happens when sharply divided political values clash and persist over time.

58
Q

Direct Socialization

A

Someone explicitly communicating information, values, or feelings towards politics. (School civic courses)

59
Q

Indirect Socialization

A

Political views are inadvertently molded by experiences.

60
Q

Agents of Political Socialization

A

Individuals, Organizations, and Institutions that influence political attitudes.

61
Q

Marketization

A

An increased public acceptance of free markets and private profit incentives, rather than a government-managed economy.

62
Q

Protest

A

A large group of people organizing to get some form of justice or policy that is regarded as just.

63
Q

Anomic Groups

A

Groups that suddenly form when many individuals react to an event that stimulates frustration, disappointment, or other strong emotions.

64
Q

Nonassociational Groups

A

Unorganized group of people that do little activity, but are unified by common interest.

65
Q

Collective Action Problem

A

Large group doesn’t take action because each individual sees that their own costs outweigh their own benefit.

66
Q

Institutional Groups

A

Formal Organizations that have other political or social functions in addition to interest articulation. (labor department within the government)

67
Q

Associational Groups

A

Formed explicitly to represent the interests of a particular group. (Unions)

68
Q

Civil Society

A

A society in which people are involved in social and political interactions free of state control or regulation.

69
Q

Pluralist Interest-Group Systems

A

A) Multiple groups may represent a single societal interest. B) Group membership is voluntary and limited. C) Groups often have a loose or decentralized organizational structure. D) There is a clear separation between interest groups and the government.

70
Q

Neo-Corporatist Interest-Group System

A

A) A single peak association normally represents each societal interest. B) Membership in the peak association is often compulsory and nearly universal. C) Peak associations are centrally organized and direct the actions of their members. D) Groups are often systematically involved in making and implementing policy.

71
Q

Controlled Interest-Group Systems

A

A) There is a single group for each social sector. B) Membership is often compulsory. C) Each group is normally hierarchically organized. D) Groups are controlled by the government or its agencies in order to mobilize support for government policy.

72
Q

Channels of Political Access

A

Ways in which interest groups reach key policymakers.

73
Q

Political Terror Tactics

A

Using threats and force on other groups or the government to get what they want.

74
Q

Interest Aggregation

A

The process by which political demands are combined into policy programs.

75
Q

Patron-Client Networks

A

Structures in which a central officeholder, authority figure, or group provides benefits (patronage) to supporters in exchange for loyalty.

76
Q

Institutional Groups

A

Important interest aggregators. (Bureaucratic agencies and military factions.)

77
Q

Party System

A

A system in which there are a number of political platforms and their relationships with each other.

78
Q

Competitive Party Systems

A

Parties primarily try to build electoral support.

79
Q

Authoritarian Party Systems

A

Parties seek to direct society.

80
Q

Electoral System

A

The rules by which elections are conducted are among the most important structures that affect political parties.

81
Q

Single-Member District Pluralism Election Rule

A

The winner needs only to finish ahead of the others as opposed to gaining majority vote.

82
Q

Proportional Representation

A

Districts are divided and elect proportional representatives. (Europe and Latin America)

83
Q

Primary Elections

A

Hipster Elections that choose the candidates before it’s cool to vote.

84
Q

Single-Member District

A

Districts in which party members choose the candidates for elections.

85
Q

Closed-List PR Systems

A

The elected representatives are simply drawn from the top of the proportional representation lists and voters have no say.

86
Q

Open-Lists Systems

A

Voters give preference to individual candidates, and it determines who represents their party in that district.

87
Q

Duverger’s Law

A

States that a systematic relationship between electoral systems and party systems. Plurality single-member districts will create two-party systems in legislature, and proportional representation will have multiple party systems.

88
Q

Mechanical Effect

A

Parties that finish second through forth in districts will get no representation.

89
Q

Psychological Effect

A

Voters and Candidates anticipate the mechanical effect and compromise for likely winners.

90
Q

Strategic Voting

A

Voting for your second or third choices to avoid worse outcomes.

91
Q

Median Voter Result

A

The two-party system will exhibit centralist ideals to obtain the most votes.

92
Q

Effective Number of Parties

A

The ideal number of parties that will maximize representation for a country.

93
Q

Majoritarian Two-Party Systems

A

When two parties control the system.

94
Q

Majority-Coalition Systems

A

Parties establish pre-electoral coalitions so that voters know which parties will attempt to work together to form a government.

95
Q

Consensual Party System

A

The parties commanding most of the legislative seats are not too far apart on policies and have a reasonable amount of trust in each other and in the political system.

96
Q

Conflictual Party System

A

The legislature is dominated by parties that are far apart on issues or are antagonistic towards each other and the political system, such as the Russian party system in the 1990’s.

97
Q

Consociational (or Accommodative)

A

Party systems in which political leaders seek to bridge intense social divisions through power-sharing, broad coalition governments, and decentralization of sensitive decisions to the separate social groups.

98
Q

Exclusive Governing Party

A

Authoritarian party insisting on total control over political resources.

99
Q

Inclusive Governing Party

A

Recognizes and accepts at least some other groups and organizations, but may repress those that it sees as serious challenges to its own control.

100
Q

Electoral Authoritarianism

A

The facade of democracy provides some space for politcal opposition, independent media, and social organizations that do not seriously criticize or challenge the regime.

101
Q

Military Government

A

When the military is used as a political force, usually done in absence of strong constitutional tradition.

102
Q

Decision Rules

A

The basic rules governing how decisions are made.

103
Q

Separation of Powers

A

When certain authorative powers are split and kept at check so that there is less corruption.

104
Q

Democratic Presidential Regime

A

A form of government that specifically splits the legislative and executive power.

105
Q

Parliamentary Regimes

A

Makes legislative and executive branches much more interdependent.

106
Q

Confidence Relationship

A

The parliament majority must have approval of the prime minister and the cabinet, or face removal.

107
Q

Semipresidential

A

The president can dissolve legislation, but legislation can dismiss cabinet members.

108
Q

Federal Systems

A

A government system that splits between a confederate (state-power) system, and unitary (all are one) system.

109
Q

Constitutional Regimes

A

System in which the powers of government units are defined and limited by a written constitution, statutes, and customs.

110
Q

Judicial Review

A

System in which high courts can challenge instances where government exceeded the powers allowed by the constitution.

111
Q

Impeachment

A

The filing for the removal of a president due to doing something wrong.

112
Q

Assemblies

A

A group of legislatures making laws and trying to improve the country (or their wallets)

113
Q

Bicameralism

A

Two-chamber assemblies that “check” each other. Provides two forms of representation.

114
Q

Chief Executives

A

Officials who sit at the very top of the often colossal executive branch.

115
Q

Cabinet

A

The most important collective decision-making body (executive branch)

116
Q

Bureaucracies

A

All members of the executive branch below the Chief Executive. In charge of implementing government policy.

117
Q

Civil Service/Higher Civil Service

A

Elite corps who bring top technical knowledge and specialists to advise what would be best.

118
Q

Ombudsman

A

A system to prevent injury or injustice to individuals because of bureaucratic corruption. (Investigates citizen claims that have suffered injury from government actions)

119
Q

Policy Goods

A

Economic Welfare, Quality of Life, Freedom, and Personal Security.

120
Q

Public Policies

A

A policy that is implemented to create fairness through combination of ideological systems.

121
Q

Extraction

A

of resources from the domestic or international environments.

122
Q

Distribution

A

Giving of collected goods to those who need it.

123
Q

Regulation

A

Control of human behavior to maximize desired behavior.

124
Q

Symbolic Outputs

A

Used to exhort desired behavior from citizens and to engage, build community, or celebrate exemplary conduct.

125
Q

Direct Taxes

A

Personal/Corporate Income taxes on Capital gain.

126
Q

Indirect Taxes

A

Non-reported income taxes (sales taxes, excise tax)

127
Q

“Rentier States”

A

Deriving much revenue from “rents” of selling oil and other natural resources.

Poli Sci 11 (1 decks)

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