chapters 1 - 7

Question 1

Given a piece of evidence such as Hammurabi’s stele, what sorts of questions (give some examples) can a historian ask?

Answer 1

• Conquers entire basin (large land), who speak different languages, different religions, different politics, different everything: he has to rule all these people but doesn’t know how:

Question 2

who was hammurabi? what did he do?

Answer 2

• was a part of the political change in ancient Mesopotamia 3000 - 1000 BCE
• was a Babylonian and took power in 18th century BCE
• he conquers entire basin with ppl who spoke different languages and different politics, different everything
• founded a common language (cauliform)
• With common language he made laws and put them all over Hammurabi’s land (that he ruled, which was a lot of land and people)
• He put these stones with laws in the middle of cities, meaning his cities are commercially active
• However, not everyone can read it, but there are town scribes that read and translated, but still not everyone could understand what it stated exactly
• There were regular readings of these laws so ppl would understand
  Breaking down the carving at the top of the stone laws

Question 3

what does the image on top of hammurabi’s code depict?

Answer 3

• The “god” sitting in the chair has wings and is handing off a halo and a “symbol of power” off to another non god being
• The non god being seems closed off, and is using the symbol of older times that translates to speaking (so he’s speaking to the god)
• Both wearing fancy clothes, and non god is looking into the eyes of the god like being
• The picture represents Hammurabi communicated with a god like being, and the laws are being transcribed by the god like figure

Question 4

what do the laws on the stone say?

Answer 4

• Lots of words meaning: that he is doing it for the benefit of mankind, sent by gods, to protect you, also stating “the strong cannot harm the weak!!” addressing the gods appointed him and he

Question 5

What was Hammurabi’s society like?

Answer 5

• There are cities, there is a ruler, there are crops, and an economy
• There are free people, and enslaved people
• Men and women aren’t equal but women have same rights as they can have land and have business, and can stands up for themselves in law
• Slavery also tells us that there’s organized religion, and they have money
• Slavery also indicates that bc if the church can’t buy freedom bc they may be broke so they don’t have that much money

Question 6

what does slavery look like in Hammurabi’s society?

Answer 6

• A free person can become a slave by war capture (but home community can by them back, or their temple)
• The royal court can also buy them back if the church cannot
• Also stating that the person cannot sell all of his belongings to afford freedom (what’s freedom if you own nothing)
• Also stating that can sell their wife or kids if they cant afford their freedom (code 117)
• Can sell themselves or family into temporary debt slavery for freedom (3 years max)
• Law 118 states that if the temporary sold slave the merchant can do whatever they want, even selling them
• Law 229id a builder builds a house and it’s done poorly the if the house he build falls and kill its owner then the builder is put to death
• Law 230 if it kills the son of the owner then the son of the builder shall be put to death
• Law 231 if the house kills the slave, then the builder must buy a new slave
• Law 232 if it dines kills there has to be compensation for that

Question 7

What were the different dialects of language and culture in ancient grease 800 - 600 BCE

Answer 7

• Developed an alphabet for writing (alpha, beta, ect) (example from class was on Francois Vase)
• The idea was that the symbol could represent a sound in any language
• Helped spark creation of the polis as a basis of social political settlement patterns

Question 8

What did the Greeks adopt from the Phoenicians?

Answer 8

• their alphabet and literacy which made it spread lots
• ## coins as a form of money rather than just trading

Question 9

what is a polis and what was their government?

Answer 9

• Each polis (cities and evolving states) was autonomous and choose it’s own form of government
• each polis also stated lettering their coins, encouraging trade throughout the Greek speaking worlds
• ex: Athenian tetradrachm made coins that had a head of a God, but never a person (in Athens)

Question 10

who ruled small polis’s?

Answer 10

• aristocrats

Question 11

what did aristocrats’ for war?

Answer 11

• The aristocrats used war chariots, and they started to end due to small fights of land and foot soldiers

Question 12

what happened to Greek culture when hoplite phalanx started

Answer 12

• Foot soldiers didn’t have a choice, their government just told them to
• But the foot soldiers then started to fight for their voice instead of just going out and fighting
• So aristocrats ended bc ppl wanted a voice or they would start attacking the aristocrats
• There is also an economic change in minds of Greeks that ended aristocrats
• Hoplite phalanx was the start of their community as they had to truly work as one which builds a strong community

Question 13

What did the ruler Solon do in 600 BCE?

Answer 13

• Ends debt slavery and buts back slaves of foreigners
• Eligibility for and magistracies by wealth and birth (comp for losing debt slaves?)
  Meaning that for ppl in the state whose ‘workers’ as in slaves that just got freed, - - - Solon gave the rich (bc they had debt slaves so they obviously have money Solon gave them a spot in government
• Subsidizes switch to grapes / olives and small industries
• Solon gives out loans to completely make the switch from wheat to olives
• ## Granted to citizenship to foreign residents artisans

Question 14

what did Solon do for the government specifically?

Answer 14

• Created a council of 400 (100 from each tribe)
• Courts with citizen jurors can appeal
• EKKlesia = citizens assembly (every adult citizen male is born into this and can vote)
• ## Ekklesia now elects archons (= who the 7 presidents are)

Question 15

what are the downside of Solons new forms of government 600 BCE?

Answer 15

• loss of debt slaves prompts actual slave trades in athens
• All dangerous or gross jobs were done by slaves (minning)

Question 16

what did Psistratos (ca. 550 BCE: 2 gens after solon) do for ancient Grease?

Answer 16

• He talked big game to get the public’s trust and so they love him but he’s truly dirty and is lying
• Exiled many aristos and used $ to build public works (Akropolis)
• He used the military who was already brainwashed to exile anyone who was against him and then took the exiled money to build public works
• Supported Solon’s reforms (but quashed all oppositions)
• Revived city Dionysia (religious and arts festival)
• After his death, chaos allowed the reaction of an oligarchy (rule by wealthiest)
• His two sons are killed or exiled bc ppl realized that this family is crazy and cant lead bc their dirty

Question 17

who was Cleisthenes ca 500 BC: 50 - 100 years later? what did he do for ancient Grease?

Answer 17

• Grants more power to citizen assembly, as they can now pass laws, adjudicate disputes,(judicial system) allocate resources, ect
• Only ekklesia can declare war
• Creates board of 10 generals elected by ekklesia (called unlimited term)
• Introduces ostracism: vote for one man to be exiled from athens for 10 years
  Reorganizes the demes which were voting blocs of attica:
  
  1. 150 (+) demes assigned into one thirds:10 interior, 10 coastal, 10 city
  2. The 30 thirds are grouped into 10 tribes, so each tribe has 1 costal, 1 inland, 1 city
  3. So the athenians vote by districts with the rich districts going first but stopping at 50 bc that’s the majority
  4. But then Cleisthenes changed that bc it wasn’t far as the poor didn’t get to be heard so he put votes at random so all will be heard (but only male adult citizens)

Question 18

Cleisthenes ca 500 do for the government itself to improve it?

Answer 18

• Replaces solons council of 400 but making it 500, - 50 from each new tribe; each tribe sits 1/10 (5 weeks) of the year chosen by lottery. No one could serve consecutively no more than twice
• ## So basically every 5 weeks someone picked by lottery runs the government, then ur name gets taken out after until everyone has went

Question 19

what was the difference between solon and Cleisthenes forms of government?

Answer 19

• Differences from solon’s reforms: this is systematically consciously (democratic) bc ruled by the ppl, this reflects a philosophy of government rather than merely a reaction to critics

Question 20

what happened during the Persian War 490 - 980:

Answer 20

• Persions get stuck and slaughtered in the war due to getting pushed into the land
• However a runner from the city of marathon ran 26.5 miles tp tell athens that they are coming and get their defense ready
• not much of a war bc persia’s military was already tired and defeated from before
• Athens wins which is surprising bc persia was much bigger

Question 21

who is Xerxes? what do he do for ancient Grease?

Answer 21

• Son of Darius wanted to finish his fathers war
• He built a bridge off boats
• Persians came for Athens again
• Sparta didn’t help at first but did later - when they got scared bc they knew Persians would come for them if they conquered Athens
  They teamed up and beat persia?

Question 22

describe the battle of Salamis?

Answer 22

• Carthans and Athens teamed up to beat Persians
• Athens win with the help of Cerithans and Sparta who sacrificed herself
• Athens used boats, but their city was burnt down
• Athens said that they were the savior of Greek liberty which is “crazy”
• Athens makes a conferiticy to get all Greek ppl together and protect them, so poilus had to send boats, ppl and money, and so they created delos treasury

Question 23

what was the timeline of the Peloponnesian war

Answer 23

• lasted 27 years
• 477 delian league created
• 454 pericles moves treasury to Athens
• 431 peloponnesian war begins
• 429 plague - Pericles dies
• 415 “Night of hermes” - syracusan exp.
• 411 - 409 oligarchy in Athens
• 404 end of war

Question 24

what were the effects of the peloponnesian war?

Answer 24

• it killed a large portion of their population
• everyone gets involved even when trying to stay neutral
• Many also died from diseases (plague, maybe bubonic, 2 years in)
• Peloponnesian knew that they couldn’t fight sparta, so they hid behind their walls with food in hopes of seeing it through, then when sparta left they would go to sparta and attack them, lot’s of back and forth
• Athens had the choice to accept a truce, cursion and sparta were retired, it was a good truce
• Athens being stubborn turned it down as they think they could do it all, but were low on men and materials to go to war so they used 12- & 13 year old boys
• When they took their “men” and went to attack the leader of peloponnesian (syracusan) to win the war
• However when they went to send their boys out they went out to see that all of their Herms had been emasculated (herms are reproductive god and godesses like statues with penis’s, these statues are everywhere, big religious symbols in Athens)
• his was a huge thing, horribly terrible as it means that Athens had lost its strength, power, ect
• War went on, it was horrible many died, athens got desiccated, war ended 9 years later but Athens never recovered its former glory, as a lot of population, epilogical (bc lots of wood used, “charcoal” used for weapons that came from hardwood trees), economical, loss, ect they lost and never recovered

Question 25

How did the Peloponnesian war effect Macedon?

Answer 25

• wasn’t very effected
• They had trees, man power, horses, ect so they started showing off
• Phillip of Macedon expands his kingdom and discovers gold when he used to build a standing army, he was great, good leader, liked science and was smart so he had Aristotle come up from Athens to tutor his son Alexander how to be a king
  Bc he loved science he had many scientist, philosophers, ect
• He could pay them bc he found gold, made him filthy gold
• He wanted a full time (paid) standing army, so he pays citizens to be in the military (but they aren’t citizens bc he is the king so they are subjects) (he got the idea from the Peloponnesian war bc that’s what they had
• He wanted to show the greek world that he’s better than Athens, to show this he fights the battle of Madsedian war (battle of karianaya, he finds an opportunity to impose control over most of the pollus)
• Macedonia took over athens, keeping an eye on the politics
• He dies in a drunken brawl 2 years later so it didn’t last long

Question 26

What historical factors made it possible for Alexander the Great to take over the Greek-speaking world (as well as other areas)? (Include dates.)

Answer 26

• His father was the king of Macedonia and they took over Grease after the war
• He wanted to then beat Persia, doing something that Athens (or his father) couldn’t do
• He doesn’t go to world of Syracusan, he went east, bc that’s what worth concerning (saying that the north wasnt bc of persia)
• he takes an army, scientist, mathematicians, historians, he took a very scientific route
• Goes all the way to Egypt concerning everything on the way (Egypt had already been concerned by Persia but they still called their governors Pharaohs which Egyptians called them gods)
• He takes over Egypt and they took Alexander to see this godlike statue of this goat man headed god that represented the sun god
• Alexander was then crowned a god and he went with it even thought it was really different from Greek religion (no greek would have accepted this bc it’s god like and thats against their religion)

Question 27

what did alexander the great’s coin say about his rule?

Answer 27

• alexander the great’s coin alone said a lot, his coin alone was valued at months salary to the average soldier
• It also shows how their trade worked or their economics
• where his head is on the coin is where a god’s head should be, so referencing he was a god
• When he was in egypt they made him a Pharaoh or god and he took that and brought it into the greek speaking world

Question 28

what did alexander the great do?

Answer 28

• Most of the major cities in the western civilization were founded by Alexander
• Alexander made these towns liveable and bigger, he would establish some people of the greek world in these cities to govern it
• ## He than conquered persia finally

Question 29

what happened after Alexander die?

Answer 29

• After he died the unity of all the states starts to break
• His best friends were in charge of most the cities after he passed
• Egypt is now ruled by macedonians
• His friends couldn’t split it all up correctly, so they leave much of the north out (like persia who come back)
• The wealthy and powerful of egypt were marrying into macedonians to help govern
• Greeks and Egyptians culture started to mix (egyptian hieroglyphics started to have greek in them as the ppl were starting to read and write in greek)

Question 30

what were Ptolemy’s coins like? (alexanders friend who took over after alexander died)

Answer 30

• and the eagle of the greek god Zeus and the greek words for “King Ptolemy” are on this coin of egypt (this is interesting bc this is a coin from egypt which shows how much the cultures are mixing)
• Also that Ptolemy thought he was a king or a god, old greeks would never allow that bc it’s too much power
• ## Ptolemy also put his own name on the coin, the coin states “Ptolemy’s kingdom”

Question 31

describe Lysimachus’s coin (another one of alexanders friends)

Answer 31

• lysimachus rules macedon and greece, His coin shows greek goddess Athena. It names him as king but he does not dare put his own face on the “heads” side (alexander’s face instead:
• But the words on the coin says Lysimachus the king
• He ruled a large land that included old athens, and when he put Athena on the coin they were pissed as it seemed he was using her

Question 32

what was classical greek life like?

Answer 32

• very simple
• They stated that they didn’t need a lot
• Most of them had a open courtyard in the middle that most activities took place in
• Upstairs would be the womens quarter, when ppl came over
• When men came in they had to go upstairs and shut the door bc they weren’t allowed to talk to men that they didn’t know or weren’t in their family
• Jewelry and makeup wasn’t a good thing, they saw it as excessive
• But when alexander’s army came back (10,000 ppl) they wanted to change as they liked what they saw out east
• So they build fancy houses and rooms for just dinning, the clothe get more fancy
• Women start being able to go out, so their fancy stuff as a prostitution of the families wealth
• It started being a rly big thing, change of culture
• There was armbands, necklace, rings, very nice hairnets, as these things in ancient grease would’ve been seen as a prostitute
• Isiadora: hellenistic egypt, isidora shows the blend of greek and egyptian culture, macedonian and egyptian herself wearing pears and amerlands from the east and sitting for a naturalistic portrait yet she is buried mummified in the egyptian tradition

Question 33

who was brutes?

Answer 33

• Founder of the republic

Question 34

what was the ancient Romen government like?

Answer 34

• Dule consulship, there’s two “kings”
• They worked with patricians held the power of command
• They are older
• The two presidents worked with the senate, but everything has to be done through the senate, and the two presidents can veto each other
• The senate would pick two of themselves to run for a year and then they step down and another two are picked
• They believed that if presidents were there for more than a year then they would get too used to power

Question 35

when did the romans take over the Italian Peninsula: 500 - 264 BCE?

Answer 35

• They took over a lot of people
• They also were relatively kind conquers
• Once they conquered people they were basically citizens, and were more than welcome to join their army

Question 36

what was the prime of ancient Romes government like?

Answer 36

• They acted like they were partners
  -The people in the army felt that they were being used as they had no voice but were doing all the work
• So they then went on strike, taking all their farmers, women, children, dogs, chickens, ect into the monotonous until the senate would comply to their demands
• Plebeians (common citizens) then got a voice
• They finally get tribunes: 10 plebs, elected by plebs to be their voice, for only 1 year
• They couldn’t do much but they could Veto things over the senate,
• The then finally got a bit of a voice after 300 years, but they still had to work with the two presidents and the senate

Question 37

what was the first Punic war (264 - 246 BC) like?

Answer 37

• their army was a standing army full of regular citizens (ex: farmers one day soldiers the next, so the roman government had to keep their families above water)
• By the end of the war a quarter of a million soldiers that the government had to take care if, and their families
• Romans win over Sicily
• Families had to sell their lands as they couldn’t keep up with the expenses after the war
• Families had to move to the city and they were put on the dolm, which just the government feeding them grains
• The city of rome grew up to a million ppl (huge at the time) full of veterans who sold their land and they are all under employed and basically starving

Question 38

Describe the events of the second Punic war?

Answer 38

• they made treaty at the end of the first Punic war
• the facilicans started going west and that broke their treaty
• Someone named Hannibal was sent by the carthaginian to lead the war so he brought elephants across the appalachian mountains for the war
• The carthaginian battle was won by the carthaginians
• The carthaginians went to all the small cities that rome had conquered earlier and offered them a deal to become apart of the carthaginian government
• However, most were loyal to rome which was surprising
  Rome won the overall war

Question 39

Describe the events of the third punic war? (Short only 2.5)

Answer 39

• They found a reason to to fit with them as they were scared of them
• They wanted the carthaginian empire to move inland 20 miles but carthaginians said no as they needed the water to send their boats out
• War broke out
• Romans then massacred many of carthaginians men, women and children, also enslaving them outward
• However this didn’t happen often as they didn’t believe in that unless they think that empire would be a real problem
• Wasnt “genocide” as the roman ppl were still very open to intermarried, didnt hunt them out after the war, were open to people in genral
• However, they hunted many things to extinction, like a bread of elephants

Question 40

what were the results of the punic wars?

Answer 40

• Vast newlands make senators rich (very rich lands, that the senators did not want to work so they made slaves take care if the and while you made all the money and no work)
• Famer-soldiers lose land: become proletariat, they had to be in the army for 20 years, when they come back they lose their land as they can’t afford it
• Hellenistic and eastern influences
• Economy relies on military expansion
• Economy becomes more slave based (which was a problem bc citizens didn’t have jobs and were not getting paid)
• You needed money to do everything, even be in the army, this came in owning land, which after the war no citizens owned land

Question 41

who were the Gracchi Brothers and what did they do?

Answer 41

• Didn’t run for the senate even though they could as they were aristocrats
• Instead they wanted to be tiberius (10 are elected out of the plebs)
• Tiberius 133 BC
• They wanted to get a law that if there’s any land, then it goes to the citizens (land reform)
• So the senate then killed them and 100 of their associates (only 1 brother)
• So the one brother then tried to put a cap on grain to help the citizens
• He also gave (or tried to give) citizenship to socii (the other states they conquered earlier)
• So the senate also killed the other brother and his associates
• All in all like 1000 ppl killed

Question 42

who was Marius and what did he do for Rome?

Answer 42

• Was a peblin but his family then went up in class due to military success
• 1 console member was a pleb and the other one was rich
• After console 1 year rn was over they are automatically in the senate
• Marius was very much for himself
• Creates “client” relationships to create a following, ppl would come to him for help, he would “help” and then they would follow him (making him seem like he’s for the ppl)
• He makes his own army in a way, as a general he paid them more out of his own pocket, he took care of their families back home, he got ppl out of trouble
• When he wasn’t a general, he wanted to run for council again as that wasn’t allowed
• However, he had his army stick up for him and he was council 6 years in a row, so he could make laws to help his followers and friends
• Died very rich

Question 43

Who was Sulla and what did they do for Rome?

Answer 43

• Sulla is Marius quaestor (he made his own client army)
• He made a lot of coins which got the citizens attention bc they thought that he was doing good for rome per the images depicted on the coins
• He tried to run for the counsel and the senate said no as they they were intimidated by his ideas
• So he took his army and charged the senate house so they gave him dictatorship unlimitedly (which was supposed to be only 6 months and only for an emergency)
• He then retired many years very very rich

Question 44

what did Islam in Iberia look like?

Answer 44

• Mostly sat on top of the roman population that were already there
• Someone can go from baghdad to 4000’s miles out and use the same language, and culture
• islamic caliphates in iberia respect, appreciates,and loves roman culture
• They start rebuilding roman cities with roman art but a islamic twist as well
  Therefore their cultures started blending
• Romans never accepted mosques bc the roman empire collapses before islam could ever be brought to western rome
• Christian and jews were also accepted by islam (islamic caliphates called them people of the book, aka their religious book)
• They couldn’t own islamic slaves, and had some policies on marriage, however, they could have property, jobs, ect but jews and christians also had to pay another tax to not follow their leader/god
• The roman and islamic caliphates architextures are very beautiful (Mihrab, cordoba mosque) was a exact example of the mix between the two cultures (for example the black columns that were inside the cordoba mosque as they reused roman building pieces in their buildings

Question 45

How did Islam expand?

Answer 45

• The religion of islam also went to the west when the islamic caliphates started their explosion:
• The areas that the islamic caliphates are taking over had already been conquered by alexander the great, therefore this area was deeply romanized and deeply hellanized
• islamic caliphates also took over egypt and went to west africa to take over as well

Question 46

what was life like for Christians romans in a post roman Europe?

Answer 46

• How romaness and christianity into a germanic and britten area
• Culterations of britten: culterations of two cultures coming together and both taking and losing things
• There is more integration of the cultures than we thought as they were living tg, dying tg, and barring each other tg
• The newcomers to christianity would entertain themselves with music, people would sit and entertain each other with music, fire, ect
• Book of kells is not roman art, very not realistic as they are seen as animal good keltic looking things (While romans made art in very realistic way) but the artistic values of the germans were different, and they could’ve used roman art but didn’t
• Franks casket: ivory from elephants from roman was a huge thing for the romans, but people from britain didn’t have elephants, they had whale bone bc it looked like ivory
• The pictures depicted on franks casket are of german and roman christianity idea
• For example: baby jesus is on a throne once born and ppl bright him gifts, but baby jesus is depicted being born in a run down barn so the creator is showing the mix between the cultures as he way that doesn’t fit his known religion as he believed that gods belong on thrones and not in a dusty barn
• There is also roman runes written in german, and the other way around

Question 47

Describe the early middle ages when Rome started to fall.

Answer 47

• Bishops were important for the continuation of the time
• Rome was christianized at the end of the 400’s
• Christantitey was transferred into the new germanic populations due to bishops
• Germatics coming to take over rome need to get baptized to get the trust and support of the bishops (they are kind of the government) who are lowkey running things
• They are getting baptized like the old images of constantine (modeling themselves like him so they are proving an showing their romaness)
• Germanics are acting like romans but looking german
• New model of kinship: has been carried over by the bishops (wasn’t just about whos the strongest

Question 48

what did Pompey, Crassus, and Julius Caesar do for Rome?

Answer 48

• Ambitious group that tried to make change
• Pompey worked with the senate, Julius Caesar worked with the plebs (council for a year)
• Julius than decided to try and conquer Goul and he did
• He then used his own money to raise a Goul army
• He gave them roman armor, and trained them in roman fighting ways
• He then spent 9 years in Goul, and was wildly rich bc they had gold minds
• He was super popular even in rome
• So after his 10 years he was trying to run again, the senate denied him
• So julius said let’s leave it to the plebs, and the plebs tried to let him in and the senate ran them out

Question 49

who was Brutus?

Answer 49

March 44 BC: by 41 BCE brutush and allies are defeated at philippi by octavian and M.Atony
- Helped kill julius caesar
- His coin has his ancestors face (they had the same name, brutus was the one founded the republic)
- His coin said that we were slaves under the dictatorship, and we are now a free republic

Question 50

what was the second civil war in rome about?

Answer 50

• Octavian caesar and marc anthony tried to go and kill brutus to avenge julius caesar
• Octavian caesar was a great nephew of julius caesar
• So marc anthony then goes to egypt to get troops for her amy
• Marc anthony and cleopatra had three kids together and then they went to war with octavian caesar
• Marc anthony and cleopatra kill themselves as its better the what what octavian would have done

Question 51

Who was Octavian as? “augustus Imperator” 31 bc -14?

Answer 51

• The senate didn’t know how to get the republic back, so they give him small clusters of power (but they have a bit of fakeness)
• They also gave him permanently a imperator of the army (so fully control of the army)
• They also let augustus put imperator in his name, (augustus = revered one) so much so he never allows anyone to call him Octavian
• He is trying to transform the republic to him to just be god like
• The caesar family claimed that they were descendents of aphrodite
• Augustus the son of the divine one, the power went to his head so he thinks hes a god now

Question 52

what did Agustus do for rome?

Answer 52

• “I found rome a city of bricks and turned it into a city of marble”
• The ppl loved augustus, and treated him godlike
• But he was very corrupt,

Question 53

what did Monasticism’s do?

Answer 53

• they stay alone in their own group to focus on their own spiritual life
• The rule of st. Benedict, was reasonable and resulted in well organized and stable communities
• Became very popular for men and women
• They are roman in character, they have roman values in every aspect
• Nothing extreme in aspect (don’t have to do anything extreme to be in it)
• There are ppl who have trained as everything (doctors, shoe makers, farmers ect, ect)
• Monks embraced humility, they had no slaves so that they could prove to god that everyone was small
• Work or labor was prayer as its benefiting other ppl as well
• The skills that ppl bring in are valued, and everyone does their part
• Many double monasteries were run by men and women
• Women could do just about everything that men could do in the monastery
• Children with disabilities would be donated to the monastery so they take them in and raise it
• However, not all the monasteries are good, bc there are ppl, money, and power which leads to abuse in some way, shape or form

Question 54

Why was Constantine called “the Great”

Answer 54

• Wasn’t great at the time
• Called great bc he moved the city of rome to Constantinople (in asia)
• He also reunited the government under 1 person again instead of the two rulers
• First emperor to convert to christianity (the third reason as to why he is called the “great”)
• Constantine knows it’s a small unpopular religion, but he makes it legal (but he knows that he can’t outright make everyone christian bc he’d be assassinated on the spot)

Question 55

who was Diocletian?

Answer 55

• was raised in the army bc he had no other future, he raised up the ranks
• He organizes the empire into 4 pieces, in terms of economic, laguage, ect. East = greek, west = latin (?)
• He put in an overseer of the diocese (one of both sides) bc he knew that this was too big of a job for one person
• He has a co ruler, having two heads (2 augustus = head of west, caesars are the baby rulers that come up when they retire)

Question 56

explain Imperial Coinage

Answer 56

• mostly in latin, very little in greek, minted by julia mimma, has a crown or wreath of laurels even though shes “mother of the army” the crown she’s wearing isn’t wearing a wreath for her army. (she’s wearing a diamia, or a terria )
• The wreath is showing she is just a mother that’s more royal, she isn’t wearing military clothing, but she’s wearing clothing typical to indicate that she is still some type of leader. - –
  
  • She states who she is, but not too much (first common to run things)
• Her name is also on the coin, and the back cis an image of Venus (the goddess love/sex) also the goddess of the army. She holds a shield, and sword. Showing that she is also a mother of the Roman people. She is associating herself with julius caesar, and the goddess venus
• The romans never had an empress before and for her to show up on the coin is a big deal
  In the city of rome she was popular, and
• She and her son are murdered (julia mamaous) the army was fighting over who the new emperor is gonna be

Question 57

who was Ordie the frist and his son the second & third

Answer 57

• There was two bc he was from south africa and they also needed an emperor in rome
• They both get murdered so then they quickly put his grandson up whos just a child (12 yrs old)
  He was just a child
• He has the wreath on, he is apart of the counsel and the words said that, he has words “PP” for father of the country,

Question 58

explain the dipication of Plomic Maximus’s coin

Answer 58

• PP: father of the country
• Lion: seen as king animal, royal symbol, rays of the sun coming out of his head, meaning the uncensored sun, ling is caring a thunderbolt in a joyous way, as