Chapters 1-7 Flashcards
Which epithelial membrane surrounds the lungs?
Visceral Pleurae
Which epithelial membrane lines the digestive and respiratory tracts?
Mucous Membrane
Which epithelial tissue cells line the inside of blood vessels?
simple squamous cells
Which epithelial tissue cells typically surround ducts and glands?
simple cuboidal cells
What is a CAM
cell adhesion molecule
Where will you find non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?
the inside of your mouth
Tendons
connect muscle to bone
What is a macrophage?
a phagocyte that destroys pathogens
T/F
The role of white fat in the body is to store nutrients.
TRUE
Areolar tissues contain which of the following? (there is more than one answer- select all that apply)
elastic fibers
collagen fibers
fibroblasts
The shock-absorbing pads between the vertebrae are formed of
fibrocartilage
Which is the most abundant type of cartilage found in the human body?
hyaline cartilage
What do goblet cells secrete?
mucous
Elastic fibers can be found (two answers- select both)
skin
aorta
T/F
Stratified squamous epithelium contains blood vessels and nerves.
FALSE
Which of the following is avascular?
cartilage
T/F
Epithelial tissues have polarity.
TRUE
Transitional epithelium can be found
In the walls of the bladder
What tissue has lacunae, calcium salts, and blood vessels?
bone
The primary blast cell for bone is the ________.
osteoblast
Which epithelia form the walls of the air sacs across which gas exchange occurs in the lungs?
simple squamous
Which type of connective tissue serves as padding and protection of internal organs?
adipose tissue
A gland that secretes their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as ________.
endocrine
An individual who has a yellow tint to their skin would be exhibiting
jaundice
Which of the following is an indicator of fear, anemia or low blood pressure?
pallor
Which cancer of the skin is the most dangerous and likely to metastasize?
melanoma
Which layer of the skin is only found in areas of thick skin?
lucidum
The single most important risk for skin cancer is ________.
overexposure to UV radiation
T/F
When an individual is exposed to extremely cold air the dermal blood vessels will dilate.
FALSE
T/F
The dermis contains nerve fibers where the epidermis does not.
FALSE
T/F
The protein found in large amounts in the superficial layer of epidermal cells is keratin.
TRUE
T/F
Blood is considered a type of connective tissue.
TRUE
Which glands secrete sebum?
sebaceous glands
Which layer of the dermis constitutes 20% of the dermis and contains (Tactile) touch receptors?
papillary layer
A dendritic cells is a
phagocyte
A mitotic cell is a
rapidly dividing cell
Which layer of tissue is damaged in a second-degree burn?
both the epidermis and dermis
Which layer of skin is LEAST protected by melanin?
stratum corneum
Which fracture is the incomplete fracture or cracking of the bone without actual separation of the parts.
greenstick
Which is the most abundant skeletal cartilage?
hyaline
Which of the following would be most associated with process of warming, humidifying, and filtering the air we inhale?
nasal cavity
T/F
Hematopoiesis refers to the formation of blood cells within the red marrow cavities of certain bones.
TRUE
T/F
Bones are classified by whether they are weight bearing or protective in function.
FALSE
T/F
Sixty-five percent of the mass of bone is a compound called hydroxyapatite.
TRUE
T/F
Closure of the epiphyseal plate stops all bone growth.
FALSE
Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand torsion stresses?
compact bone
Which cell secretes the matrix of new bone?
osteoblast
Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of ________.
adipose tissue
What can a deficiency of growth hormone during bone formation cause?
decreased epiphyseal plate activity
Another name for the shaft of the bone is called the
diaphysis
Which of the following is a bone marking described as a round or oval opening through a bone?
foramen
Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?
support
protection of organs
mineral storage
**communication between cells
Which of the following is not part of the axial
skeleton?
skull
vertebrae
coccyx
clavicle
clavicle
The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by ________.
perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers
What will you find in the central (Haversian) canal of the osteon.
blood vessels and nerve fibers
When an osteoblast becomes completely surrounded by its own matrix secretions it is referred to as a(n) ________.
osteocyte
Where is the best place to obtain bone marrow from a patient?
hip bone
Which bone marking type would likely increase in size when a weight lifter does squats.
trochanter
How many lumbar vertebrae does a human usually have?
5
Which bone of the skull comes into contact with all of the other bones of the cranial vault?
sphenoid bone
Choose the answer that shows the correct order for the standard preparation of a histological specimen.
- ) (1) sectioning, (2) fixation, (3) staining
- ) (1) fixation, (2) staining, (3) sectioning
- ) (1) staining, (2) fixation, (3) sectioning
- ) (1) fixation, (2) sectioning, (3) staining
- ) (1) sectioning, (2) staining, (3) fixation
4.) (1) fixation, (2) sectioning, (3) staining
What tissue type has polarity and is avascular?
Epithelium
T/F
All epithelia have two surfaces, an apical surface and a basal surface, that differ in both structure and function. This property is called polarity.
TRUE
Which of the following is a property of epithelial tissue?
- Epithelial tissue is innervated.
- Epithelial tissue contains blood vessels.
- Epithelial tissue does not exhibit polarity.
- Epithelial tissue is typically unable to regenerate.
- Epithelial tissue is innervated.
Which of the following accurately describe the basement membrane which underlies epithelial tissues?
A. The basement membrane consists of connective tissue and covers the apical surface of the epithelium.
B. The basement membrane consists of large collagen fibers which create an impermeable barrier.
C. Epithelial cancers may have the ability to penetrate through the basement membrane and spread to underlying tissues.
D. All of the above
C. Epithelial cancers may have the ability to penetrate through the basement membrane and spread to underlying tissues.
Which tissue is correctly paired with its primary immature cell type?
- bone; fibrocyte
- connective tissue proper; chondrocyte
- bone; osteoblast
- cartilage; fibroblast
Bone;Osteoblast
T/F
The basic difference between dense irregular and dense regular connective tissues is in the amount of elastic fibers and adipose cells present.
FALSE
T/F
Connective tissues that possess a large quantity of collagen fibers often provide the framework for organs such as the spleen and lymph nodes.
FALSE
Which of the following is a dry membrane exposed to the air?
- synovial membrane
- serous membrane
- mucous membrane
- cutaneous membrane
cutaneous membrane
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
- ) The cutaneous membrane is a dry membrane exposed to air.
- ) Serous membranes line body cavities and organs.
- ) The cutaneous membrane is made of a simple columnar epithelium
- ) Mucous membranes line exits and entrances to the body.
3.) The cutaneous membrane is made of a simple columnar epithelium
The correct order of events in tissue repair, from first to last, is __________.
inflammation, organization, and regeneration
T/F
A smooth muscle cell has a central nucleus but lacks striations.
TRUE
T/F
The glycolipids secreted by keratinocytes in the stratum granulosum help reduce water loss across the epidermis.
TRUE
Which dermal layer is responsible for the dermal properties of skin that are evident as cleavage lines?
The reticular layer
The source of the fluid that accumulates in a blister is ________.
the plasma of the blood flowing through the numerous dermal blood vessels
In a woman that has hirsutism, ________.
androgens stimulate vellus hair to become terminal hair
In alopecia, new hair growth stops because cell division is inhibited in the_________.
hair matrix
Earwax is made by __________.
ceruminous glands
The skin is not a __________ barrier.
- biological
- metabolic
- physical
- chemical
metabolic
T/F
Sweating and shivering are two ways in which the skin contributes to regulation of body temperature.
FALSE
Shivering is an action carried out by the skeletal muscles, not the skin, to generate body heat when we are cold.
Which of the following is NOT an immediate threat to the body as a result of a severe burn?
Bacterial infection
T/F
The main role of the axial skeleton is to help us manipulate our environment.
FALSE
T/F
Flat bones consist of a thin plate of spongy bone, called diploë, sandwiched between two layers of compact bone.
TRUE
What is intramembranous ossification?
the formation of bone from within fibrous membranes
During infancy and childhood, the most important stimulus of epiphyseal plate activity is __________.
Growth hormone
Ossification of the ends of long bones ________.
is produced by secondary ossification centers
Which structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood?
epiphyseal plate
T/F
Short, irregular, and flat bones all consist of thin plates of spongy bone covered by compact bone.
TRUE
T/F
Closure of the epiphyseal plate stops all bone growth.
FALSE
T/F
All bones stop growing by the end of adolescence.
FALSE
At what age do bones reach their peak density?
early adulthood
Which of the following is implicated in osteoporosis in older women?
- abnormal PTH receptors
- estrogen deficiency due to menopause
- poor posture
- heritage such as African or Mediterranean
- estrogen deficiency due to menopause
Which of the following bones are part of the axial skeleton?
- bones of the lower limbs
- bones of the face
- bones of the pectoral girdles
- bones of the the pelvic girdle
bones of the face
The __________ is the only bone in the body that does not directly articulate with any other bone.
hyoid bone
Which of the following bones do NOT contain a paired paranasal sinus?
- the sphenoid bones
- the zygomatic bones
- the ethmoid bones
- the frontal bones
the zygomatic bones
T/F
The temporal bone connects to the zygomatic bone via the temporal process of the temporal bone.
FALSE
During late pregnancy, women may exhibit temporary lordosis. This is advantageous because temporary lordosis _________.
makes it easier for a woman to maintain her balance
If a herniated disc in the lumbar region is treated by surgically removing the intervertebral disc and doing a bone graft between the adjoining vertebrae, one of the consequences might be _________.
reduced flexibility of the spine in the lower back
Which part of the vertebral column receives the most stress by bearing most of the weight of the body?
The lumbar region
T/F
The lacrimal bone contains a groove that forms part of lacrimal fossa. Along with the soft tissue of the lacrimal sac, these structures drain tears from the eye into the nasal passage.
TRUE
T/F
Costal cartilages join most ribs to the sternum.
TRUE
T/F
The tubercle of a rib articulates with the transverse process of a vertebra.
TRUE
Which of the following bones is not part of pectoral girdle?
- the clavicle
- the humerus
- the coracoid process
- the scapula
The humerus
Which forearm bone(s) contribute(s) most to the structure of the elbow joint?
the ulna
When you hit your elbow and say that you hit your “funny bone,” you have actually hit a nerve that runs across the bone surface. Over which bone can this nerve be found?
humerus
Which of the following statements is true?
- The radius is the lateral bone in the forearm.
- The scapula marks the origin of the appendicular skeleton.
- The humerus is the most proximal bone in the upper appendicular skeleton.
- The phalanges in the thumb are the most medial bones in the hand.
- The radius is the lateral bone in the forearm.
People who work at computer keyboards all day repeatedly flex their wrists and fingers and therefore become susceptible to carpal tunnel syndrome, a condition in which inflammation of tissue causes tingling and pain. Which one of the following treatments will be least likely to reduce the pain?
- local injection of an anti-inflammatory medication
- squeezing tennis balls in both hands in order to strengthen the wrist and finger muscles
- wearing wrist splints to immobilize the wrists
- surgery to relieve the pressure on the nerve that transmits the pain signals
squeezing tennis balls in both hands in order to strengthen the wrist and finger muscles
T/F
The pelvic outlet is narrower in a female than in a male.
FALSE
Which of the following statements is true?
- The tibia is the lateral bone in the lower leg.
- The tibia and fibula articulate with the calcaneus at the ankle.
- The fibula is the weight-bearing bone in the lower leg.
- The ilium is the most proximal bone in the lower appendicular skeleton.
The ilium is the most proximal bone in the lower appendicular skeleton.
T/F
In women of childbearing age, the dimensions of the true pelvis are of utmost importance.
TRUE
T/F
The ischium articulates with both the ilium and the pubis forming the acetabulum.
TRUE
Which is the largest, longest, and strongest bone in the body?
The femur
A fracture of which structure is commonly referred to as “breaking your hip”?
The neck of the femur
Which of the following is NOT a subatomic particle?
- proton
- electron
- molecule
- neutron
molecule
T/F
Chemical properties are determined primarily by neutrons.
FALSE
T/F
Hydrogen bonds are too weak to bind atoms together to form molecules, but they do hold different parts of a single large molecule in a specific three-dimensional shape.
TRUE
The elbow is proximal to the shoulder.
FALSE
Choose the answer that best describes HCO3-.
- a bicarbonate ion
- a proton donor
- common in the liver
- a weak acid
A bicarbonate ion
T/F
The sharing of electrons in covalent bonds makes them stronger than ionic and hydrogen bonds.
TRUE
Which organelle is responsible for processing and packaging proteins destined for export from the cell?
Golgi apparatus
Which of the following solutions may be infused intravenously to help rehydrate a severely dehydrated patient (i.e., a patient suffering from cellular dehydration)?
A.) 0.45% saline
B.) 5% saline
C.) 5% glucose
D.) 0.9% NaCl
0.45% saline
T/F
Atomic weight is equal to the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
FALSE
In general, the lipids that we refer to as oils at room temperature have ________.
unsaturated fatty acids
Histology would be best defined as a study of ________.
tissues
Which of the following organelles is correctly paired with its function?
- smooth endoplasmic reticulum: metabolism of lipids
- mitochondrion: packaging proteins and lipids
- Golgi apparatus: produce energy for the cell
- lysosome: protein synthesis
smooth endoplasmic reticulum: metabolism of lipids
What is the classification of a solution of NaOH with a pH of 8.3?
alkaline solution
Some hormones enter cells via ________.
receptor-mediated endocytosis
FACT
Steroid molecules are nonpolar fat-soluble molecules, which would be expected to diffuse directly across the phospholipid bilayer. Such solutes do not require a membrane protein to facilitate transport.
:)
What is a plasma membrane?
a phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell
The genetic information is coded in DNA by the ________.
the sequence of nucleotides
Which of the following would NOT diffuse through the plasma membrane by means of simple diffusion?
- oxygen
- a steroid hormone
- glucose
- lipid-soluble vitamin
glucose
What are tight junctions?
junctions among epithelial cells lining the digestive tract
The functions of centrioles include ________.
organizing the mitotic spindle in cell division
T/F
Each daughter cell resulting from mitotic cell division has exactly the same genetic composition.
TRUE
Which property of water is demonstrated when we sweat?
High heat of vaporization
What are the three main parts of a human cell?
- cytoplasm
- plasma membrane
- nucleus
T/F
Glycogen, the storage form of glucose, is primarily stored in skeletal muscle and liver cells.
TRUE
Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains ________.
a relatively stable internal environment, within limits
Mitochondria ________.
- synthesize proteins for use outside the cell
- are single-membrane structures involved in the breakdown of ATP
- contain digestive enzymes called acid hydrolyses
- contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function
- contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function
Which of the following is NOT a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
- breakdown of stored glycogen to form free glucose
- lipid metabolism and cholesterol synthesis
- protein synthesis in conjunction with ribosomes
- steroid-based hormone synthesis
protein synthesis in conjunction with ribosomes
In certain kinds of muscle cells, calcium ions are stored in ________.
The smooth ER
Which of the following is the major positive ion outside cells?
- hydrogen
- magnesium
- potassium
- sodium
sodium
Which of the following statements is the most correct regarding homeostatic imbalance?
- Negative feedback mechanisms are functioning normally.
- The internal environment is becoming more stable.
- Positive feedback mechanisms are overwhelmed.
- It is considered the cause of most diseases.
It is considered the cause of most diseases
What is the mediastinum?
The mediastinum completely separates the right and left pleural cavities.
Pericarditis is a disorder in which pain is experienced in the_________.
Thoracic cavity
Place the following in correct sequence from simplest to most complex:
- molecules
- atoms
- tissues
- cells
- organs
2-1-4-3-5
Which of the following represents the correct order in which the components interact in a homeostatic control system?
the receptor, the control center, and the effector
T/F
A coronal section divides an organ into superior and inferior portions.
FALSE
T/F
Interstitial fluid represents one type of extracellular material.
TRUE
What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into left and right, called?
sagittal
Which of the following is NOT a function of lysosomes?
- breaking down bone to release calcium ions into the blood
- digesting particles taken in by endocytosis
- help in the formation of cell membranes
- degrading worn-out or nonfunctional organelles
help in the formation of cell membranes
In which body cavities are the lungs located?
pleural, ventral, and thoracic
With regards to a set point or normal limit, negative feedback always __________ a physiological value to the set point or normal limit.
returns
Which of the following is not a compound?
- oxygen gas
- carbon dioxide
- water
- methane (natural gas)
oxygen gas
T/F
The lower the pH, the higher the hydrogen ion concentration.
TRUE
T/F
Prophase has a series of checkpoints that determine whether a cell will undergo all stages of mitosis.
FALSE
T/F
DNA replication requires an enzyme called RNA polymerase and results in a semi-conserved new molecule of DNA.
FALSE
The study of large body structures, visible to the naked eye, such as the heart is called ________ anatomy.
gross
T/F
Triglycerides are a poor source of stored energy.
FALSE
What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into anterior and posterior regions called?
frontal
What does CH4 mean?
There is one carbon and four hydrogen atoms.
T/F
The longer a muscle is when it starts contracting, the more tension it can generate in the contraction.
FALSE
Which type of muscle is found in the body wall of hollow organs?
unitary smooth muscle
Which functional group has the major responsibility for countering a specific movement?
antagonists
Which description of a muscle action is NOT correct?
- Antagonists counter the action of a prime mover.
- Synergists help agonists.
- Fixators hold joints in place, so movement does not occur.
- Agonists are the prime movers for an action.
- Fixators hold joints in place, so movement does not occur.
T/F
A muscle that crosses the posterior side of a joint will always cause extension.
FALSE
The main forearm extensor is the __________.
triceps brachii
T/F
The anterior compartment of the thigh is involved in lower leg extension.
TRUE
T/F
Most superficial thorax muscles are extrinsic shoulder muscles.
TRUE
T/F
The muscles of facial expression insert into skin or other muscles, not bones.
TRUE
