Chapters 1-6 Flashcards
Who were the first inhabitants of the Americas
Nomadic Asian hunters
How did the first inhabitants of the Americas get there
Crossed the land bridge, Siberia to Alaska
What encouraged the settlement of hunters/gatherers
Corn
What did irrigation systems enable
The pueblos to settle in the American south west
The three sisters
Corn, beans, squash
What was the Iroquois confederacy
A military alliance that dominated its neighbors. Developed in the North east in the 16th century
How did the Portuguese dominate trade on the coast of Africa
By establishing forts there to trade for slaves and gold
Why did Columbus sail west
Portuguese controlled the south and east routes
What did Columbus’ discovery do
Connected 4 continents each contributing to each other (the Colombian exchange)
Europe
Markets, Capitol, technology, horses, cattle, sugarcane, smallpox, yellow fever, malaria
Africa
Labor, culture
The new world
Tobacco, corn, white potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, beans, syphilis
How did European diseases affect the Pre Colombian native population
It killed about 90% while survivors were enslaved and killed
Balboa
Discovered Pacific Ocean
Magellan
First circumnavigation of the globe
Ponce de Leon
Discovered Florida
Coronado
Discovered AZ, NM, to KS
De soto
Discovered the Mississippi River
Pizarro
Discovered Peru and the inca empire
The encomienda system
Spanish colonial government gave Indians to colonists to use as slaves if the colonists promised to Christianize them
Impact of Cortez
Destroyed the Aztec empire by bringing European disease. Brought the population from 20 million to 2 million. He also started a new race called the mestizos
Mestizos
People of mixed European and Native American descent
The black legend
The false concept that the Spanish only killed, enslaved, and exploited native peoples without bringing any benefits
Early attempts at English settlement
This failed for early settlements like Roanoke and Newfoundland
Impact of defeating Spanish Armada
Beginning of the end of Spanish empire, beginning of British naval dominance, boosted British national pride
The Virginia company
A joint stock company chartered by the crown to find gold and a passage to India
What rights did the charter of Virginia provide
It provided colonists with the same rights enjoyed by Englishmen and was the foundation of the American concept of liberty
Opportunities for English colonization
Population growth in England, unemployment, thirst for adventure, a search for new markets, a search for religious freedom
Jamestown
Was meant to turn a profit. Life in the colony was a nightmare of disease, starvation, and malnutrition. It was taken over by John smith in 1608
Maryland
Founded my lord Baltimore for financial profits and as a refugee for Catholics. Labor force of white indentured servants
The act of toleration
Guaranteed toleration to all Christians but decreed death to Jews and atheists
Carolinas
1st settlers were small farmers pushed out from the Caribbean by sugar planters. Supplied Indians as slaves in the Caribbean and used African slaves on rice plantations. The economy was based on the slave trade and rice
North Carolina/ Rhode Island
North Carolina settled by dissenters from Virginia and developed a strong resistance to authority. Most democratic, independent, and least aristocratic of original 13 colonies
Georgia
Last of the 13 colonies to be settled. Established as a buffer between Carolinas, Spanish Florida, and French LA. Settled in pet by prisoners from England
Calvinism
People were predestined for heaven or hell at birth and you didn’t know where you were going so you should lead a pious life
Puritans
Calvinist reformers who wanted to purify the Church of England of all catholic influence.
Separatists
Extremist puritans who vowed to separate from the Church of England
The mayflower compact
Not a constitution but set a precedent for future written constitutions. A simple agreement to form a crude government a submit to the will of the majority
Dissenters
Quakers, Anne Hutchinson and roger Williams. Williams fled and established Rhode Island (complete religious freedom even for Jews and Catholics)
Navigation laws
Part of early mercantilist economic policy designed to bind the colonies to the mother country. Forbade trade with foreign countries and their colonies.
Sir Edmund andros
Was sent to head the dominion, restrict colonists rights, and enforce the navigation laws. He was forced to flee back to England
The glorious revolution
Catholic King James is dethroned in a bloodless revolution. His Protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband take over the English throne. This triggers unrest in NE, abandonment of the andros system, and temporary breakdown in enforcement of the navigation laws
William penn
Established a refugee for Quakers. The most liberal, tolerant colony and turned a profit for the crown
Middle colonies
NY, NJ, PA, DA. Known as the bread colonies their fertile soil enabled heavy exports of grain. Most ethnically diverse of the colonies. Most religiously tolerant and democratic colonies
Characteristics of life in Chesapeake region
Nasty, brutish, and short. Malaria, typhoid, and dysentery cut 10 years off the life expectancy of newcomers. Half the people born there didn’t live to be 20. Women were scarce, families few and fragile
What did indentured servants receive when their service time expired
An axe, a hoe, a few barrels or corn, a set of clothes, and perhaps a small plot of land
Bacons rebellion
Bacon led a rebellion of poor single young frontiersmen who were unhappy with government policy towards Indians. Bacon died rebellion was crushed
What did the rise in wages in England cause
The pool of people willing to come to America as indentured servants
Why did planters start to use African slaves
Fear of rebellion
The middle passage
The route taken by ships bringing African slaves to the new world
Center of life in the south
The great plantations
Center of life in New England
Family
What were women’s roles in New England
Child bearing and child rearing
Propert rights for woman in New England vs south
New England women gave up their property rights when married and couldn’t inherit property while southern women kept their property and could inherit their husbands
The Salem witch trials
20 people and 2 dogs were executed after being accused of practicing witchcraft in MA in 1692. The accusers were poor farm girls while the victims were prosperous merchants
Southern colonies
Unhealthy environment, large plantations, few women, slavery, strict social hierarchy, private education for the elite
New England
Healthy environment, small farms, ship building, large stable families, little or no slavery, more democratic, public education for all
What was the most important industry in America
Agriculture
What was the least important industry in America
Manufacturing
Triangle trade
Sugar to NE, rum and goods to Africa, slaves to America, repeat
The molasses act (1733)
British West Indies colonists are losing business from American colonists trading with French West Indies. They then pressured parliament into passing the molasses act. It said Americans could only trade with Britain and British West Indies
Taverns
Meeting places where all social classes met for gossip, news, and amusement. They fueled public opinion and served as a cradle of democracy
What were the 2 major colonial denominations
Anglicans(church of England) and congregational(puritans)
The great awakening
A rekindling of religious fervor, a religious revival. Led to the founding of Princeton
The zenger case
Zenger was accused of libel, he claimed he printed the truth. He was acquitted. Set a precedent for freedom of the press
What did practically every colony utilize by 1775
A two house legislative body
Why did the population of New France grow slowly
French peasants had little motivation emigrate, they owned their own land, Huguenots were not aloud to leave France, the French government favored their Caribbean island colonies
What place did the French found
New Orleans which gave them control of the mouth of the Mississippi
What were the 3 main civilizations I North America
English, Spanish, and French
King Williams war and Queen Anne’s war
The British fought the French and Spanish. The English win and take Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay
The war of Jenkins ear
Turned into the war of the sustain succession in Europe. (A world war). New England colonists captured louisbourg. In the treaty of 1748 the British give louisbourg back. This angers the american colonists
War in the Ohio River valley
War between the Virginia colonists and the French. George Washington led the Virginians. The French won the Washington and his men were allowed to return home
The French and Indian war
Called the 7 years war. Fought in Europe, the West Indies, Africa, the Philippines, and on the high seas. Opening battles go bad for British under general Braddock but they defeat France at louisbourg when William Pitt took over
The Albany congress
In 1754, the British call a meeting in Albany New York where they decide to achieve greater colonial unity, and bolster a common defense against France. 7 of the 13 colonies attend
What is the outcome of the French and Indian war
James Wolfe takes the French city of Quebec. Montreal also falls to the British. British win the war and France gives all trains-Mississippi Louisiana to Spain
The effect of the French and Indian war on the colonies
Bolstered colonial self esteem, shattered the myth of British military invincibility, created friction between British officers and colonial troops
The proclamation of 1763
Prohibited colonists from settling in the lands west of the Appalachian mountains to prevent war with the Indians
