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Chapters 1-6 Flashcards

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AP® U.S. History flashcards
1
Q

Who were the first inhabitants of the Americas

A

Nomadic Asian hunters

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2
Q

How did the first inhabitants of the Americas get there

A

Crossed the land bridge, Siberia to Alaska

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3
Q

What encouraged the settlement of hunters/gatherers

A

Corn

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4
Q

What did irrigation systems enable

A

The pueblos to settle in the American south west

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5
Q

The three sisters

A

Corn, beans, squash

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6
Q

What was the Iroquois confederacy

A

A military alliance that dominated its neighbors. Developed in the North east in the 16th century

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7
Q

How did the Portuguese dominate trade on the coast of Africa

A

By establishing forts there to trade for slaves and gold

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8
Q

Why did Columbus sail west

A

Portuguese controlled the south and east routes

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9
Q

What did Columbus’ discovery do

A

Connected 4 continents each contributing to each other (the Colombian exchange)

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10
Q

Europe

A

Markets, Capitol, technology, horses, cattle, sugarcane, smallpox, yellow fever, malaria

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11
Q

Africa

A

Labor, culture

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12
Q

The new world

A

Tobacco, corn, white potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, beans, syphilis

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13
Q

How did European diseases affect the Pre Colombian native population

A

It killed about 90% while survivors were enslaved and killed

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14
Q

Balboa

A

Discovered Pacific Ocean

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15
Q

Magellan

A

First circumnavigation of the globe

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16
Q

Ponce de Leon

A

Discovered Florida

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17
Q

Coronado

A

Discovered AZ, NM, to KS

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18
Q

De soto

A

Discovered the Mississippi River

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19
Q

Pizarro

A

Discovered Peru and the inca empire

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20
Q

The encomienda system

A

Spanish colonial government gave Indians to colonists to use as slaves if the colonists promised to Christianize them

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21
Q

Impact of Cortez

A

Destroyed the Aztec empire by bringing European disease. Brought the population from 20 million to 2 million. He also started a new race called the mestizos

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22
Q

Mestizos

A

People of mixed European and Native American descent

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23
Q

The black legend

A

The false concept that the Spanish only killed, enslaved, and exploited native peoples without bringing any benefits

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24
Q

Early attempts at English settlement

A

This failed for early settlements like Roanoke and Newfoundland

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25
Q

Impact of defeating Spanish Armada

A

Beginning of the end of Spanish empire, beginning of British naval dominance, boosted British national pride

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26
Q

The Virginia company

A

A joint stock company chartered by the crown to find gold and a passage to India

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27
Q

What rights did the charter of Virginia provide

A

It provided colonists with the same rights enjoyed by Englishmen and was the foundation of the American concept of liberty

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28
Q

Opportunities for English colonization

A

Population growth in England, unemployment, thirst for adventure, a search for new markets, a search for religious freedom

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29
Q

Jamestown

A

Was meant to turn a profit. Life in the colony was a nightmare of disease, starvation, and malnutrition. It was taken over by John smith in 1608

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30
Q

Maryland

A

Founded my lord Baltimore for financial profits and as a refugee for Catholics. Labor force of white indentured servants

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31
Q

The act of toleration

A

Guaranteed toleration to all Christians but decreed death to Jews and atheists

32
Q

Carolinas

A

1st settlers were small farmers pushed out from the Caribbean by sugar planters. Supplied Indians as slaves in the Caribbean and used African slaves on rice plantations. The economy was based on the slave trade and rice

33
Q

North Carolina/ Rhode Island

A

North Carolina settled by dissenters from Virginia and developed a strong resistance to authority. Most democratic, independent, and least aristocratic of original 13 colonies

34
Q

Georgia

A

Last of the 13 colonies to be settled. Established as a buffer between Carolinas, Spanish Florida, and French LA. Settled in pet by prisoners from England

35
Q

Calvinism

A

People were predestined for heaven or hell at birth and you didn’t know where you were going so you should lead a pious life

36
Q

Puritans

A

Calvinist reformers who wanted to purify the Church of England of all catholic influence.

37
Q

Separatists

A

Extremist puritans who vowed to separate from the Church of England

38
Q

The mayflower compact

A

Not a constitution but set a precedent for future written constitutions. A simple agreement to form a crude government a submit to the will of the majority

39
Q

Dissenters

A

Quakers, Anne Hutchinson and roger Williams. Williams fled and established Rhode Island (complete religious freedom even for Jews and Catholics)

40
Q

Navigation laws

A

Part of early mercantilist economic policy designed to bind the colonies to the mother country. Forbade trade with foreign countries and their colonies.

41
Q

Sir Edmund andros

A

Was sent to head the dominion, restrict colonists rights, and enforce the navigation laws. He was forced to flee back to England

42
Q

The glorious revolution

A

Catholic King James is dethroned in a bloodless revolution. His Protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband take over the English throne. This triggers unrest in NE, abandonment of the andros system, and temporary breakdown in enforcement of the navigation laws

43
Q

William penn

A

Established a refugee for Quakers. The most liberal, tolerant colony and turned a profit for the crown

44
Q

Middle colonies

A

NY, NJ, PA, DA. Known as the bread colonies their fertile soil enabled heavy exports of grain. Most ethnically diverse of the colonies. Most religiously tolerant and democratic colonies

45
Q

Characteristics of life in Chesapeake region

A

Nasty, brutish, and short. Malaria, typhoid, and dysentery cut 10 years off the life expectancy of newcomers. Half the people born there didn’t live to be 20. Women were scarce, families few and fragile

46
Q

What did indentured servants receive when their service time expired

A

An axe, a hoe, a few barrels or corn, a set of clothes, and perhaps a small plot of land

47
Q

Bacons rebellion

A

Bacon led a rebellion of poor single young frontiersmen who were unhappy with government policy towards Indians. Bacon died rebellion was crushed

48
Q

What did the rise in wages in England cause

A

The pool of people willing to come to America as indentured servants

49
Q

Why did planters start to use African slaves

A

Fear of rebellion

50
Q

The middle passage

A

The route taken by ships bringing African slaves to the new world

51
Q

Center of life in the south

A

The great plantations

52
Q

Center of life in New England

A

Family

53
Q

What were women’s roles in New England

A

Child bearing and child rearing

54
Q

Propert rights for woman in New England vs south

A

New England women gave up their property rights when married and couldn’t inherit property while southern women kept their property and could inherit their husbands

55
Q

The Salem witch trials

A

20 people and 2 dogs were executed after being accused of practicing witchcraft in MA in 1692. The accusers were poor farm girls while the victims were prosperous merchants

56
Q

Southern colonies

A

Unhealthy environment, large plantations, few women, slavery, strict social hierarchy, private education for the elite

57
Q

New England

A

Healthy environment, small farms, ship building, large stable families, little or no slavery, more democratic, public education for all

58
Q

What was the most important industry in America

A

Agriculture

59
Q

What was the least important industry in America

A

Manufacturing

60
Q

Triangle trade

A

Sugar to NE, rum and goods to Africa, slaves to America, repeat

61
Q

The molasses act (1733)

A

British West Indies colonists are losing business from American colonists trading with French West Indies. They then pressured parliament into passing the molasses act. It said Americans could only trade with Britain and British West Indies

62
Q

Taverns

A

Meeting places where all social classes met for gossip, news, and amusement. They fueled public opinion and served as a cradle of democracy

63
Q

What were the 2 major colonial denominations

A

Anglicans(church of England) and congregational(puritans)

64
Q

The great awakening

A

A rekindling of religious fervor, a religious revival. Led to the founding of Princeton

65
Q

The zenger case

A

Zenger was accused of libel, he claimed he printed the truth. He was acquitted. Set a precedent for freedom of the press

66
Q

What did practically every colony utilize by 1775

A

A two house legislative body

67
Q

Why did the population of New France grow slowly

A

French peasants had little motivation emigrate, they owned their own land, Huguenots were not aloud to leave France, the French government favored their Caribbean island colonies

68
Q

What place did the French found

A

New Orleans which gave them control of the mouth of the Mississippi

69
Q

What were the 3 main civilizations I North America

A

English, Spanish, and French

70
Q

King Williams war and Queen Anne’s war

A

The British fought the French and Spanish. The English win and take Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay

71
Q

The war of Jenkins ear

A

Turned into the war of the sustain succession in Europe. (A world war). New England colonists captured louisbourg. In the treaty of 1748 the British give louisbourg back. This angers the american colonists

72
Q

War in the Ohio River valley

A

War between the Virginia colonists and the French. George Washington led the Virginians. The French won the Washington and his men were allowed to return home

73
Q

The French and Indian war

A

Called the 7 years war. Fought in Europe, the West Indies, Africa, the Philippines, and on the high seas. Opening battles go bad for British under general Braddock but they defeat France at louisbourg when William Pitt took over

74
Q

The Albany congress

A

In 1754, the British call a meeting in Albany New York where they decide to achieve greater colonial unity, and bolster a common defense against France. 7 of the 13 colonies attend

75
Q

What is the outcome of the French and Indian war

A

James Wolfe takes the French city of Quebec. Montreal also falls to the British. British win the war and France gives all trains-Mississippi Louisiana to Spain

76
Q

The effect of the French and Indian war on the colonies

A

Bolstered colonial self esteem, shattered the myth of British military invincibility, created friction between British officers and colonial troops

77
Q

The proclamation of 1763

A

Prohibited colonists from settling in the lands west of the Appalachian mountains to prevent war with the Indians

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