Chapters 1-6 Flashcards
1
Q
Study of life
A
Biology
2
Q
Basic unit of structure
A
Cells
3
Q
- membrane enclosed organelles
- larger
- plants, animals, fungi
- defined nucleus
A
Eukaryotic cell
4
Q
- no membrane enclosed organelles
- no nucleus
- smaller
- bacteria and archaea
A
Prokaryotic cells
5
Q
Unit of inheritance
A
Genes
6
Q
entire set of genetic instruction
A
Genome
7
Q
Process by which info encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins
A
Gene expression
8
Q
Study if a whole set of genes and their interactions within a species
A
Genomics
9
Q
Study of sets of proteins and their properties
A
Proteomics
10
Q
The more a product accumulates, the process that creates it slows, and less product is produced
A
Negative feedback
11
Q
The more a product accumulates, the process that creates it speed up and more of the product is produced
A
Positive feedback
12
Q
Search for information and explanation
A
Inquiry
13
Q
Type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations
A
Inductive reasoning
14
Q
Type of logic is which specific results are predicated from a general premise
A
Deductive reasoning
15
Q
A process of biological change in which species accumulate differences from their ancestors as they adapt to other environments over time
A
Evolution
16
Q
What are the domains of life?
A
Bacteria, archaea, and eukarya
17
Q
Anything that has mass and take up space
A
Matter
18
Q
Substance that cannot be broken down to other chemical reactions
A
Element
19
Q
What are the essential elements?
A
CHON : carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
20
Q
Required elements in minute quantities
A
Trace elements
21
Q
2 or more elements in a fixed ratio
A
Compounds
22
Q
Smallest unit of matter
A
Atoms
23
Q
Protons:
Neutrons:
Electrons:
A
Subatomic particles
Positive, no charge, negative
24
Q
How do u find the atomic number?
A
Find the number of protons
25
How do find the atomic mass?
Sum of protons and neutrons
26
All atoms of an element have same number of proteins but may differ in neutrons
Isotopes
27
Highest energy level?
Lowest energy level?
Valence shell (outermost shell)
Shell closest to nucleus
28
Outermost shell of any atom
Valence shell
29
How many electrons held in the first shell?
How many in further shells?
2 electrons
8 electrons
30
What are the 3 chemical bonds?
Covalent
Ionic
Hydrogen
31
Sharing a pair of valence electrons by 2 atoms
Covalent bond
32
Sharing of one pair of valence electrons
Single covalent bond
33
Sharing of 2 pairs of valence electrons
Double covalent bond
34
Electrons between atoms are sharing equally so there is no charge
Non polar covalent bond
35
Electrons between atoms are shared unequally so there is some partial charge
Polar covalent bond
36
An attraction between an cation and an anion
Ionic bond
37
A charge atom (or molecule)
Ion
38
Positively charged atom
Cation
39
Negatively charged atom
Anion
40
Hydrogen atom covantely bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom
Hydrogen bond
41
Polarity allows:
Water to form hydrogen bonds with each other
42
What are the 4 emergent properties of water?
1. Cohesive behavior
2. Ability to moderate temperature
3. Expansion upon freezing
4. Versatility as a solvent
43
Hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together
Cohesion
44
An attraction between different substances
Adhesion
45
A measure of how well a substance resists changing its temperature when it absorbs or releases heat
Specific heat
46
Heat is absorbed when…
Hydrogen bonds break
47
Heat is released when…
Hydrogen bonds form
48
A liquid that is a homogenous mixture of substances
Solution
49
Dissolving agent of a solution
Solvent
50
Substance that is dissolved
Solute
51
Solution where water is the solvent
Aqueous solution
52
Water loving, one that has an affinity for water, polar
Hydrophilic substance
53
Water fearing, one that does not have an affinity for water, nonpolar
Hydrophobic substance
54
Has polar and non polar regions (cell membranes)
Amphithatic molecule
55
Any substance that increases the H+ concentration of a solution (less than 7 on Ph scale)
Acid
56
Any substance that reduces the H+ concentration of a solution (greater than 7 on pH scale)
Base
57
Study of compounds that contain carbon
Organic chemistry
58
Organic compounds consisting of only carbon and hydrogen
Hydrocarbons
59
Alcohols
Polar
Can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules
Properties of hydroxyl
60
Ketones
Aldehydes
Structural isomers
Found in sugars
Properties of carbonyl
61
Carboxylic acids or organic acids
Acidic properties
Found in cells in ionized form
Properties of carboxyl
62
Amines
Acts as a base
Properties of amino
63
Thiols
Hair proteins
Properties of sulfhydrl
64
Organic phosphates
Contribute negative charge of molecules
Has potential to react with water, releasing energy
Properties of phosphate
65
Addition of a ___group to DNA or to molecules bound to DNA, affects expression of genes
Arrangement of ___ groups in male and female sex hormones affects their shape and function
Properties of methyl
66
Study of compounds that contain carbon
Organic chemistry
67
Determines the kind and number of bonds an atom will form with other atoms
Electron configuration
68
Form the skeletons of most organic molecules
Carbon chains
69
Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen
Hydrocarbons
70
What are the 4 large biological molecules?
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
71
A long molecules consisting of many similar building blocks
Polymer
72
The building blocks to make a molecules
Monomers
73
Biological polymers include:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
74
Reaction occurs when 2 monomers bond together though the loss of a water molecule (formation of polymers)
Condensation (dehydration) reaction
75
Reaction that is the reverse of dehydration reaction, water molecule is added (breakdown of polymers)
Hydrolysis
76
Incudes sugars polymers of sugars
Carbohydrates
77
Simplest carbohydrate (single sugars)
Monosaccharides
78
Monosaccharides combine to form _______ (sugar polymers)
Polysaccharide
79
Major fuel for cells and as raw material for building molecules
Monosaccharides role:
80
Monosaccharides are classified by:
Location of carbonyl group
Number of carbons in carbon skeleton
81
Formed when a dehydration reaction joins 2 monosaccharides
Disaccharide
82
Covalent bond between 2 monosaccharides that holds sugars together
Glycosidic linkage
83
Storage polysaccharide of plants
Store as granules within chloroplast
Starch
84
A storage polysaccharide in animals
Mainly in liver and muscle cells
Glycogen
85
Structural polysaccharide a major component of tough wall of plant cells
Cellulose
86
Structural polysaccharide
Found in exoskeleton of anthropoids
Cell walls of fungi
Chitin
87
The one bio molecule that:
Doesn’t form polymers
Little to no affinity for water
Hydrophobic consisting mostly of hydrocarbons
Lipids
88
What are the functional groups on glycerol and fatty acids that participate in the dehydration reaction to form fats.
Carboxyl (1) and hydroxyl (3)
89
3 carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon
Glycerol
90
Consist of a carboxyl group, attached to a long carbon skeleton
Fatty acid
91
3 fatty acids are joined to a glycerol by an ester linkage
Triglycerides
92
Fatty acids vary in:
Length (number of carbons)
Number and location of double bonds
93
Have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds
Saturated fatty acids
94
Have one or more double bonds
Unsaturated fatty acids
95
Fats made from fatty acids
Solid at room temp
Most animal fats
Saturated fats
96
Fats made from unsaturated fatty acids
Liquid a room temp
Plant and fish fats
Unsaturated fats
97
Energy storage
Mammals store in adipose cells (cushions organs and insulated body)
Major function of fats
98
2 fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached by glycerol
Phospholipids
99
2 fatty acids are hydrophobic
Phosphate and attachments are hydrophilic
Essential in cell membranes
Phospholipid properties
100
Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of. 4 fused rings
Steroids
101
Important steroid, Component in animal cell membranes
Cholesterol
102
Structural support
Transport
Cellular communications
Defense against foreign substances
Protein functions
103
Type of protein that acts as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions
Enzymes
104
Polymer of amino acids
Many amino acids linked together by peptide bond (covalent bond)
Unique linear sequence
Polypeptides
105
Determines nature of amino acids
All different
Responsible for hydrophocity
Form hydrogen bonds with water
Responsible for negative (acidic) and positive (basic) charge
R-Groups
106
Monomer of proteins
Amino acids
107
Polypeptides start at the ______ and end at the ______
N- terminus
C-terminus
108
4 levels of protein structure
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quarternary
109
Sequence of amino acids In a protein
Determines by inherited genetic info
Primary structure
110
Typically a coil (alpha helix) and a folded structure (beta pleated sheet)
Coils and folds result from hydrogen bonds if backbone
Secondary structure
111
Determines by interactions between r groups
Hydrogen bonds,ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and ban deer waals interactions
Tertiary structure
112
String covalent bonds that may reinforce the proteins tertiary structure
Disulfide bridges
113
Results when 2 or more polypeptide chains form one macromolecule
Quaternary structure
114
Inherited blood disorder results from a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin
Sickle cell disease
115
What determines protein structure?
Alterations in pH
Salt concentration
Temperature
Other environmental conditions
116
Loss of a proteins native structure
Denaturation
117
Large biological molecules that store and transmit hereditary information
Nucleic acid
118
2 types of Nucleic acids
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Ribonucleic acid
119
DNA does:
Provides direction for its own replication
Directs synthesis of mRNA and mRNA controls protein synthesis
120
Nucleic acid polymers
Polynucleoacids
121
Nucleic acid Monomers
Nucleotides
122
Each nucleotide consists of:
Nitrogenous base
Pentose sugar
Phosphate group
123
DNA molecule structure
Double helic
124
Double helix, 2 backbones run in opposite directions from each other
Antiparallel
125
Adenine pairs with
Thymine (DNA) or uracil (RNA)
126
Cytosine pairs with
Guanine
127
Cytosine, thymine, uracil
Single ring structure
Pyrimdines
128
Adenine and guanine
Double ring structure
Purines
129
DNA sugar
Deoxyribose
130
RNA sugar
Ribose
131
How many hydrogen bonds do A and T have?
2
132
How many hydrogen bonds do C and G have?
3
