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BIO 201 > Chapters 1-6 > Flashcards

Chapters 1-6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Study of life

A

Biology

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2
Q

Basic unit of structure

A

Cells

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3
Q
  • membrane enclosed organelles
  • larger
  • plants, animals, fungi
  • defined nucleus
A

Eukaryotic cell

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4
Q
  • no membrane enclosed organelles
  • no nucleus
  • smaller
  • bacteria and archaea
A

Prokaryotic cells

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5
Q

Unit of inheritance

A

Genes

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6
Q

entire set of genetic instruction

A

Genome

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7
Q

Process by which info encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins

A

Gene expression

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8
Q

Study if a whole set of genes and their interactions within a species

A

Genomics

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9
Q

Study of sets of proteins and their properties

A

Proteomics

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10
Q

The more a product accumulates, the process that creates it slows, and less product is produced

A

Negative feedback

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11
Q

The more a product accumulates, the process that creates it speed up and more of the product is produced

A

Positive feedback

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12
Q

Search for information and explanation

A

Inquiry

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13
Q

Type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations

A

Inductive reasoning

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14
Q

Type of logic is which specific results are predicated from a general premise

A

Deductive reasoning

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15
Q

A process of biological change in which species accumulate differences from their ancestors as they adapt to other environments over time

A

Evolution

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16
Q

What are the domains of life?

A

Bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

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17
Q

Anything that has mass and take up space

A

Matter

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18
Q

Substance that cannot be broken down to other chemical reactions

A

Element

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19
Q

What are the essential elements?

A

CHON : carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

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20
Q

Required elements in minute quantities

A

Trace elements

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21
Q

2 or more elements in a fixed ratio

A

Compounds

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22
Q

Smallest unit of matter

A

Atoms

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23
Q

Protons:
Neutrons:
Electrons:

A

Subatomic particles

Positive, no charge, negative

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24
Q

How do u find the atomic number?

A

Find the number of protons

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25
Q

How do find the atomic mass?

A

Sum of protons and neutrons

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26
Q

All atoms of an element have same number of proteins but may differ in neutrons

A

Isotopes

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27
Q

Highest energy level?

Lowest energy level?

A

Valence shell (outermost shell)

Shell closest to nucleus

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28
Q

Outermost shell of any atom

A

Valence shell

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29
Q

How many electrons held in the first shell?

How many in further shells?

A

2 electrons

8 electrons

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30
Q

What are the 3 chemical bonds?

A

Covalent

Ionic

Hydrogen

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31
Q

Sharing a pair of valence electrons by 2 atoms

A

Covalent bond

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32
Q

Sharing of one pair of valence electrons

A

Single covalent bond

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33
Q

Sharing of 2 pairs of valence electrons

A

Double covalent bond

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34
Q

Electrons between atoms are sharing equally so there is no charge

A

Non polar covalent bond

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35
Q

Electrons between atoms are shared unequally so there is some partial charge

A

Polar covalent bond

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36
Q

An attraction between an cation and an anion

A

Ionic bond

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37
Q

A charge atom (or molecule)

A

Ion

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38
Q

Positively charged atom

A

Cation

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39
Q

Negatively charged atom

A

Anion

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40
Q

Hydrogen atom covantely bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom

A

Hydrogen bond

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41
Q

Polarity allows:

A

Water to form hydrogen bonds with each other

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42
Q

What are the 4 emergent properties of water?

A
  1. Cohesive behavior
  2. Ability to moderate temperature
  3. Expansion upon freezing
  4. Versatility as a solvent
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43
Q

Hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together

A

Cohesion

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44
Q

An attraction between different substances

A

Adhesion

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45
Q

A measure of how well a substance resists changing its temperature when it absorbs or releases heat

A

Specific heat

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46
Q

Heat is absorbed when…

A

Hydrogen bonds break

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47
Q

Heat is released when…

A

Hydrogen bonds form

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48
Q

A liquid that is a homogenous mixture of substances

A

Solution

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49
Q

Dissolving agent of a solution

A

Solvent

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50
Q

Substance that is dissolved

A

Solute

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51
Q

Solution where water is the solvent

A

Aqueous solution

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52
Q

Water loving, one that has an affinity for water, polar

A

Hydrophilic substance

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53
Q

Water fearing, one that does not have an affinity for water, nonpolar

A

Hydrophobic substance

54
Q

Has polar and non polar regions (cell membranes)

A

Amphithatic molecule

55
Q

Any substance that increases the H+ concentration of a solution (less than 7 on Ph scale)

A

Acid

56
Q

Any substance that reduces the H+ concentration of a solution (greater than 7 on pH scale)

A

Base

57
Q

Study of compounds that contain carbon

A

Organic chemistry

58
Q

Organic compounds consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

A

Hydrocarbons

59
Q

Alcohols

Polar

Can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules

A

Properties of hydroxyl

60
Q

Ketones

Aldehydes

Structural isomers

Found in sugars

A

Properties of carbonyl

61
Q

Carboxylic acids or organic acids

Acidic properties

Found in cells in ionized form

A

Properties of carboxyl

62
Q

Amines

Acts as a base

A

Properties of amino

63
Q

Thiols

Hair proteins

A

Properties of sulfhydrl

64
Q

Organic phosphates

Contribute negative charge of molecules

Has potential to react with water, releasing energy

A

Properties of phosphate

65
Q

Addition of a ___group to DNA or to molecules bound to DNA, affects expression of genes

Arrangement of ___ groups in male and female sex hormones affects their shape and function

A

Properties of methyl

66
Q

Study of compounds that contain carbon

A

Organic chemistry

67
Q

Determines the kind and number of bonds an atom will form with other atoms

A

Electron configuration

68
Q

Form the skeletons of most organic molecules

A

Carbon chains

69
Q

Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

A

Hydrocarbons

70
Q

What are the 4 large biological molecules?

A

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic acids

71
Q

A long molecules consisting of many similar building blocks

A

Polymer

72
Q

The building blocks to make a molecules

A

Monomers

73
Q

Biological polymers include:

A

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Nucleic acids

74
Q

Reaction occurs when 2 monomers bond together though the loss of a water molecule (formation of polymers)

A

Condensation (dehydration) reaction

75
Q

Reaction that is the reverse of dehydration reaction, water molecule is added (breakdown of polymers)

A

Hydrolysis

76
Q

Incudes sugars polymers of sugars

A

Carbohydrates

77
Q

Simplest carbohydrate (single sugars)

A

Monosaccharides

78
Q

Monosaccharides combine to form _______ (sugar polymers)

A

Polysaccharide

79
Q

Major fuel for cells and as raw material for building molecules

A

Monosaccharides role:

80
Q

Monosaccharides are classified by:

A

Location of carbonyl group

Number of carbons in carbon skeleton

81
Q

Formed when a dehydration reaction joins 2 monosaccharides

A

Disaccharide

82
Q

Covalent bond between 2 monosaccharides that holds sugars together

A

Glycosidic linkage

83
Q

Storage polysaccharide of plants

Store as granules within chloroplast

A

Starch

84
Q

A storage polysaccharide in animals

Mainly in liver and muscle cells

A

Glycogen

85
Q

Structural polysaccharide a major component of tough wall of plant cells

A

Cellulose

86
Q

Structural polysaccharide

Found in exoskeleton of anthropoids

Cell walls of fungi

A

Chitin

87
Q

The one bio molecule that:

Doesn’t form polymers

Little to no affinity for water

Hydrophobic consisting mostly of hydrocarbons

A

Lipids

88
Q

What are the functional groups on glycerol and fatty acids that participate in the dehydration reaction to form fats.

A

Carboxyl (1) and hydroxyl (3)

89
Q

3 carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon

A

Glycerol

90
Q

Consist of a carboxyl group, attached to a long carbon skeleton

A

Fatty acid

91
Q

3 fatty acids are joined to a glycerol by an ester linkage

A

Triglycerides

92
Q

Fatty acids vary in:

A

Length (number of carbons)

Number and location of double bonds

93
Q

Have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds

A

Saturated fatty acids

94
Q

Have one or more double bonds

A

Unsaturated fatty acids

95
Q

Fats made from fatty acids

Solid at room temp

Most animal fats

A

Saturated fats

96
Q

Fats made from unsaturated fatty acids

Liquid a room temp

Plant and fish fats

A

Unsaturated fats

97
Q

Energy storage

Mammals store in adipose cells (cushions organs and insulated body)

A

Major function of fats

98
Q

2 fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached by glycerol

A

Phospholipids

99
Q

2 fatty acids are hydrophobic

Phosphate and attachments are hydrophilic

Essential in cell membranes

A

Phospholipid properties

100
Q

Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of. 4 fused rings

A

Steroids

101
Q

Important steroid, Component in animal cell membranes

A

Cholesterol

102
Q

Structural support

Transport

Cellular communications

Defense against foreign substances

A

Protein functions

103
Q

Type of protein that acts as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions

A

Enzymes

104
Q

Polymer of amino acids

Many amino acids linked together by peptide bond (covalent bond)

Unique linear sequence

A

Polypeptides

105
Q

Determines nature of amino acids

All different

Responsible for hydrophocity

Form hydrogen bonds with water

Responsible for negative (acidic) and positive (basic) charge

A

R-Groups

106
Q

Monomer of proteins

A

Amino acids

107
Q

Polypeptides start at the ______ and end at the ______

A

N- terminus
C-terminus

108
Q

4 levels of protein structure

A

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Quarternary

109
Q

Sequence of amino acids In a protein

Determines by inherited genetic info

A

Primary structure

110
Q

Typically a coil (alpha helix) and a folded structure (beta pleated sheet)

Coils and folds result from hydrogen bonds if backbone

A

Secondary structure

111
Q

Determines by interactions between r groups

Hydrogen bonds,ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and ban deer waals interactions

A

Tertiary structure

112
Q

String covalent bonds that may reinforce the proteins tertiary structure

A

Disulfide bridges

113
Q

Results when 2 or more polypeptide chains form one macromolecule

A

Quaternary structure

114
Q

Inherited blood disorder results from a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin

A

Sickle cell disease

115
Q

What determines protein structure?

A

Alterations in pH

Salt concentration

Temperature

Other environmental conditions

116
Q

Loss of a proteins native structure

A

Denaturation

117
Q

Large biological molecules that store and transmit hereditary information

A

Nucleic acid

118
Q

2 types of Nucleic acids

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Ribonucleic acid

119
Q

DNA does:

A

Provides direction for its own replication

Directs synthesis of mRNA and mRNA controls protein synthesis

120
Q

Nucleic acid polymers

A

Polynucleoacids

121
Q

Nucleic acid Monomers

A

Nucleotides

122
Q

Each nucleotide consists of:

A

Nitrogenous base

Pentose sugar

Phosphate group

123
Q

DNA molecule structure

A

Double helic

124
Q

Double helix, 2 backbones run in opposite directions from each other

A

Antiparallel

125
Q

Adenine pairs with

A

Thymine (DNA) or uracil (RNA)

126
Q

Cytosine pairs with

A

Guanine

127
Q

Cytosine, thymine, uracil

Single ring structure

A

Pyrimdines

128
Q

Adenine and guanine

Double ring structure

A

Purines

129
Q

DNA sugar

A

Deoxyribose

130
Q

RNA sugar

A

Ribose

131
Q

How many hydrogen bonds do A and T have?

A

2

132
Q

How many hydrogen bonds do C and G have?

A

3

BIO 201 (2 decks)

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