Chapters 1-5 Terms Flashcards
Theory
an integrated set of concepts and principles developed to explain a particular phenomenon.
Elaboration
cognitive process in which learners embellish on new information based on what they already know
Inclusion
the practice of educating all students including those with severe and/or multiple disabilities in neighborhood schools and in general education classrooms
Self-efficacy
belief that one is capable of executing certain behaviors or reaching certain goals
Action Research
research conducted by teachers and other school personnel to address issues and problems in their OWN schools or classrooms.
Assimalation
process of dealing with an object or event that is consistent with an existing scheme
Accommodation
process of dealing with a new object or event by either modifying an existing scheme or forming a new one.
Equilibration
movement from equilibrium to disequilibrium and back to equilibrium-a process that promotes development of more complex thoughts and understandings.
Zone of proximal development (ZPD)
range of tasks that a learner can perform with the help and guidance of others, BUT cannot yet perform them independently
Scaffolding
support mechanism that helps a learner successfully perform a challenging task (i.e. task within the learners zone of proximal development)
Temperament
a person’s general tendency to respond to and deal with environmental stimuli and events in particular ways
Initiative vs guilt
Erikson’s 3rd (of 8) stage-preschool years- (initiative)-healthy children will have independence in planning and undertaking activities-where as (guilt) is developed when adults discourage the pursuit of independent activities or else dismiss them as silly and bothersome, the children develop guilt about their needs and desires.
Social cognition
when one considers how people around them are likely to think about, behave in, and react to various situations.
Kohlberg’s Law and Order stage
stage 4 (of 6)- people look at society as a whole for guidance about right and wrong. Rules are necessary for keeping society running smoothly and believe it is their duty to obey them. They may not see a need for a rule to change
Carol Gilligan
felt Kohlberg addressed a male specific view for moral development
i.e.
Males: Justice, fairness, and equal rights
Females: care to take responsibility for others’ well-being
