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Animal Nutrition > Chapters 1-5 (Nutrients/Energy, Water, Carbs, Fats, Protein/Amino Acids) > Flashcards

Chapters 1-5 (Nutrients/Energy, Water, Carbs, Fats, Protein/Amino Acids) Flashcards

1
Q

Essential Nutrients

A

Components that cannot be synthesized by the body.

structural components for bone, muscle, metabolism, & energy

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2
Q

Non-Essential Nutrients

A

Components that can be synthesized by the body. (still needed by the body)

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3
Q

Energy Producing

A

Carbohydrates, Proteins, & Fats.

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4
Q

Non-Energy Producing

A

Water, Minerals, & Vitamins.

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5
Q

Energy

A

~50-80% dry matter in pet food.

Most critical after water.

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6
Q

How does the body obtain energy?

A

From nutrients, by oxidation of the chemical bonds found in proteins, carbohydrates and fats.

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7
Q

ATP

A

Most important energy containing compound produced. (not stored) Used rather quickly.

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8
Q

Long term storage of energy?

A

Glycogen & Triglycerides.

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9
Q

Last resort energy?

A

Amino acids from proteins.

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10
Q

Calorie

A

Amount of heat required to increase temp of 1 kg of H2O by 1o C.

1 kcal = 1000 cal

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11
Q

Joule

A

SI unit of energy.

1 kcal = 4.184 J

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12
Q

Gross Energy (GE)

A

Total amount of energy contained within a diet.

Measured in calories by burning food and measuring the total heat produced.

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13
Q

Digestible Energy (DE)

A

Energy that is available for absorption in the body. Energy lost found in feces.

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14
Q

Metabolizable Energy (ME)

A

Amount of energy available for use. Used to express energy content in pet foods.

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15
Q

Determining ME

A

Feeding Trials.
Calculation: Protein, Carbs, & Fats.
Extrapolation: data collected from other species.

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16
Q

AAFCO Feeding Trials

A 
8 animals, at least 1 yr of age.
Test food for 26 weeks.
Consumption measured & recorded daily.
Weights recorded: beginning, weekly & end.
Bloodwork at beginning & end of study.
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17
Q

Energy Density

A

The number of kcals in a given weight or volume of food.

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18
Q

40% dogs & cats overweight?

A

Yes, they are 10-15% above ideal body weight.

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19
Q

Single most important nutrient in terms of survivability?

A

Water. 40-80% animals body.

10% water loss can result in death.

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20
Q

Water

A

Aids in digestion through hydrolysis.

Transport medium. Solvent.

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21
Q

Water Quality

A

Dissolved solids = ppm

< 5,000 = acceptable.
>7,000 = unsuitable for livestock & poultry.

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22
Q

Water Requirements

A

Maintenance Fluids = 40 mL/kg/day

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23
Q

Dehydration

A

Loss of body fluid tissues (intracellular and interstitial space).

<5% not detectable
>10% shock, coma, death.

24
Q

Hypovolemia

A

Loss of blood volume. Dehydration typically begins first.

25
Q

Carbohydrates.

A

Simple sugars, Starches, & Fibers.

Main energy source. Converted to fat for storage.

26
Q

Fiber

A

Slow down absorption time (regulate blood sugar).
Stimulate intestinal contractions.
Normalize intestinal transit time.

27
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simple sugar.
Glucose: dextrose; circulate in body.
Fructose: fruit sugars
Galactose: milk sugars

28
Q

Disaccharides

A

2 monosaccharides.

Lactose: deficiency: enzyme beta-galactose.
Sucrose: glucose + fructose
Maltose: glucose + glucose (produced when starch is broken down)

29
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

3-10 monosaccharides.

Difficult to digest; flatulence.

30
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Thousands of monosaccharides.
Cellulose: cell wall structural component.
Starch: energy storage (amyloid & amylopectin).

31
Q

Prebiotic

A

Non-digestible food ingredients that stimulate limited number of bacteria in the colon to improve the health of the host.

32
Q

Soluble Fiber

A

Attracts water and turns to gel during digestion. Oatbran, Psyllium, Barley, & Some fruits & veggies.

33
Q

Insoluble Fiber

A

Resists digestion & adds bulk to stool.

Cellulose & Pectin.

34
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

In cats, protein is used for energy instead of carbohydrates.

35
Q

Lipids (fats)

A

Insoluble in water but soluble in other organic solvents.

2 –3 times more calories per gram than carbs or proteins.

36
Q

Triglycerides

A

Most important fat in the diet.

3 fatty acid tails attached to glycerol.

37
Q

Unsaturated Fat

A

Double bonds.

38
Q

Saturated Fats

A

Hydrogen bonds.

39
Q

Functions of fat in the body?

A

Energy storage.
Insulators.
Provide carrier for fat soluble vitamins: A, D, E & K.

40
Q

Lipoproteins

A

Provide transport of fats through blood. Cholesterol.

41
Q

Cholesterol

A

Forms bile salts, steroid hormone precursor, & protective layer in skin.

42
Q

Essential Fatty Acids

A

Omega 3 & Omega 6.
Alpha-Linolenic-Acid (ALA), Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA), & Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA).
Linoleic Acid (LA) & Arachidonic Acid (AA).

43
Q

Non-Essential Fatty Acids

A

Omega 9 Fatty Acids.

44
Q

Cats lack metabolic pathway to?

A

convert linoleic acid(LA) to arachidonic acid(AA).

AA must be supplement in diet.

45
Q

What metabolic pathway are dogs unable to perform?

A

alpha-linolenic acid(ALA) to docosahexaenoic acid(DHA). Cannot utilize omega 3 from seeds.

46
Q

Essential Fatty Acid deficiencies?

A

Impaired wound healing, dry, lusterless coat & scaly skin.

47
Q

Eicosanoids

A

Produced from the omega 3 family and are less immunologically stimulating. Ideal when decreasing the inflammatory response is desired.

48
Q

Protein

A

Large, complex molecules made of hundreds to thousands of amino acids (AAs). 20 make up proteins. Linear polymers & joined by peptide bonds.

49
Q

Albumin

A

Globular proteins found in egg whites, blood plasma, & milk.

50
Q

Collagen

A

Fibrous proteins found in connective tissue.

51
Q

Elastin

A

Fibrous elastic proteins found in arterial walls & skin.

52
Q

Conjugate Proteins

A

Glycoproteins (contain carbohydrates)

Lipoproteins (contain lipids)

Phosphoproteins (contain phosphorus group like casein in milk)

Chromoproteins (contain pigment like hemein hemoglobin)

Nucleoproteins (contain a nucleic acid like DNA & RNA)

53
Q

Amino Acids

A

Build, repair, & replace body proteins.

54
Q

Essential Amino Acids

A

Arginine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine, & Taurine (cats only).

55
Q

Function of Proteins

A

Structural component of hair, skin, feathers, nails, ligaments, & cartilage. Component of hormones. Carrier of important substances in the blood (acid-base balance).

56
Q

Taurine

A

Normal vision, heart muscle function, &

present in animal tissue only.

57
Q

Excess protein causes?

A

Increased ammonia (NH3) in urine = increased workload on kidneys & liver.

Animal Nutrition (2 decks)

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