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Animal Nutrition > Chapters 1-5 (Nutrients/Energy, Water, Carbs, Fats, Protein/Amino Acids) > Flashcards

Chapters 1-5 (Nutrients/Energy, Water, Carbs, Fats, Protein/Amino Acids) Flashcards

1
Q

Essential Nutrients

A

Components that cannot be synthesized by the body.

structural components for bone, muscle, metabolism, & energy

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2
Q

Non-Essential Nutrients

A

Components that can be synthesized by the body. (still needed by the body)

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3
Q

Energy Producing

A

Carbohydrates, Proteins, & Fats.

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4
Q

Non-Energy Producing

A

Water, Minerals, & Vitamins.

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5
Q

Energy

A

~50-80% dry matter in pet food.

Most critical after water.

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6
Q

How does the body obtain energy?

A

From nutrients, by oxidation of the chemical bonds found in proteins, carbohydrates and fats.

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7
Q

ATP

A

Most important energy containing compound produced. (not stored) Used rather quickly.

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8
Q

Long term storage of energy?

A

Glycogen & Triglycerides.

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9
Q

Last resort energy?

A

Amino acids from proteins.

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10
Q

Calorie

A

Amount of heat required to increase temp of 1 kg of H2O by 1o C.

1 kcal = 1000 cal

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11
Q

Joule

A

SI unit of energy.

1 kcal = 4.184 J

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12
Q

Gross Energy (GE)

A

Total amount of energy contained within a diet.

Measured in calories by burning food and measuring the total heat produced.

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13
Q

Digestible Energy (DE)

A

Energy that is available for absorption in the body. Energy lost found in feces.

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14
Q

Metabolizable Energy (ME)

A

Amount of energy available for use. Used to express energy content in pet foods.

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15
Q

Determining ME

A

Feeding Trials.
Calculation: Protein, Carbs, & Fats.
Extrapolation: data collected from other species.

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16
Q

AAFCO Feeding Trials

A 
8 animals, at least 1 yr of age.
Test food for 26 weeks.
Consumption measured & recorded daily.
Weights recorded: beginning, weekly & end.
Bloodwork at beginning & end of study.
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17
Q

Energy Density

A

The number of kcals in a given weight or volume of food.

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18
Q

40% dogs & cats overweight?

A

Yes, they are 10-15% above ideal body weight.

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19
Q

Single most important nutrient in terms of survivability?

A

Water. 40-80% animals body.

10% water loss can result in death.

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20
Q

Water

A

Aids in digestion through hydrolysis.

Transport medium. Solvent.

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21
Q

Water Quality

A

Dissolved solids = ppm

< 5,000 = acceptable.
>7,000 = unsuitable for livestock & poultry.

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22
Q

Water Requirements

A

Maintenance Fluids = 40 mL/kg/day

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23
Q

Dehydration

A

Loss of body fluid tissues (intracellular and interstitial space).

<5% not detectable
>10% shock, coma, death.

24
Q

Hypovolemia

A

Loss of blood volume. Dehydration typically begins first.

25
Carbohydrates.
Simple sugars, Starches, & Fibers. | Main energy source. Converted to fat for storage.
26
Fiber
Slow down absorption time (regulate blood sugar). Stimulate intestinal contractions. Normalize intestinal transit time.
27
Monosaccharides
Simple sugar. Glucose: dextrose; circulate in body. Fructose: fruit sugars Galactose: milk sugars
28
Disaccharides
2 monosaccharides. Lactose: deficiency: enzyme beta-galactose. Sucrose: glucose + fructose Maltose: glucose + glucose (produced when starch is broken down)
29
Oligosaccharides
3-10 monosaccharides. | Difficult to digest; flatulence.
30
Polysaccharides
Thousands of monosaccharides. Cellulose: cell wall structural component. Starch: energy storage (amyloid & amylopectin).
31
Prebiotic
Non-digestible food ingredients that stimulate limited number of bacteria in the colon to improve the health of the host.
32
Soluble Fiber
Attracts water and turns to gel during digestion. Oatbran, Psyllium, Barley, & Some fruits & veggies.
33
Insoluble Fiber
Resists digestion & adds bulk to stool. | Cellulose & Pectin.
34
Gluconeogenesis
In cats, protein is used for energy instead of carbohydrates.
35
Lipids (fats)
Insoluble in water but soluble in other organic solvents. | 2 –3 times more calories per gram than carbs or proteins.
36
Triglycerides
Most important fat in the diet. | 3 fatty acid tails attached to glycerol.
37
Unsaturated Fat
Double bonds.
38
Saturated Fats
Hydrogen bonds.
39
Functions of fat in the body?
Energy storage. Insulators. Provide carrier for fat soluble vitamins: A, D, E & K.
40
Lipoproteins
Provide transport of fats through blood. Cholesterol.
41
Cholesterol
Forms bile salts, steroid hormone precursor, & protective layer in skin.
42
Essential Fatty Acids
Omega 3 & Omega 6. Alpha-Linolenic-Acid (ALA), Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA), & Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA). Linoleic Acid (LA) & Arachidonic Acid (AA).
43
Non-Essential Fatty Acids
Omega 9 Fatty Acids.
44
Cats lack metabolic pathway to?
convert linoleic acid(LA) to arachidonic acid(AA). | AA must be supplement in diet.
45
What metabolic pathway are dogs unable to perform?
alpha-linolenic acid(ALA) to docosahexaenoic acid(DHA). Cannot utilize omega 3 from seeds.
46
Essential Fatty Acid deficiencies?
Impaired wound healing, dry, lusterless coat & scaly skin.
47
Eicosanoids
Produced from the omega 3 family and are less immunologically stimulating. Ideal when decreasing the inflammatory response is desired.
48
Protein
Large, complex molecules made of hundreds to thousands of amino acids (AAs). 20 make up proteins. Linear polymers & joined by peptide bonds.
49
Albumin
Globular proteins found in egg whites, blood plasma, & milk.
50
Collagen
Fibrous proteins found in connective tissue.
51
Elastin
Fibrous elastic proteins found in arterial walls & skin.
52
Conjugate Proteins
Glycoproteins (contain carbohydrates) Lipoproteins (contain lipids) Phosphoproteins (contain phosphorus group like casein in milk) Chromoproteins (contain pigment like hemein hemoglobin) Nucleoproteins (contain a nucleic acid like DNA & RNA)
53
Amino Acids
Build, repair, & replace body proteins.
54
Essential Amino Acids
Arginine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine, & Taurine (cats only).
55
Function of Proteins
Structural component of hair, skin, feathers, nails, ligaments, & cartilage. Component of hormones. Carrier of important substances in the blood (acid-base balance).
56
Taurine
Normal vision, heart muscle function, & | present in animal tissue only.
57
Excess protein causes?
Increased ammonia (NH3) in urine = increased workload on kidneys & liver.

Animal Nutrition (2 decks)

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