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PSYCH210 > chapters 1-5 (midterm 1) > Flashcards

chapters 1-5 (midterm 1) Flashcards

1
Q

________ is the view that all natural processes can be understood in terms of machines

A

mechanism

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2
Q

_______ assumes all natural processes can be explained by laws of physics and chemistry

A

mechanism

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3
Q

_____ proposed that matter was made up of discrete atoms that affect one another by direct contact
thus, every physical effect (atom in motion) follows from a _____ cause (motion of atom that strikes it)

A

Galileo

direct

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4
Q

_______ is the belief that everything that occurs happens because of certain causes

A

determinism

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5
Q

________ is when we explain an event in one domain in terms of a principle of another domain

A

Reductionism

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6
Q

______ is the doctrine that considers the facts of the universe in physical terms

A

materialism

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7
Q

________ believes science should recognize facts that are based on objective observations

A

positivism

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8
Q

_____ considered people as machine, rather than just the universe as a machine

A

Descartes

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9
Q

________ uses the computer as a metaphor for the functioning of the human mind (both receive and process large amount of information)

A

cognitive psychology

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10
Q

_____ considers two aspects to human, one physical and one mental

A

dualism

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11
Q

_____ actions all involve objects in the physical world

A

involuntary

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12
Q

______ actions are initiated by the mind, and according to descartes, only humans possess this extra pathway

the _________ are believed to be the part of the mind responsible for this

A

voluntary

Pineal glands

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13
Q

___________ suggest that since much of our behaviour is as mindless as the behaviour of a stone, it can be considered subject to the same laws that govern a stones behaviour

A

mechanistic laws

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14
Q

______ arise directly from application of external stimulus

A

derived ideas

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15
Q

the sound of a bell or sight of a tree are considered to be ______ ideas

A

derived

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16
Q

______ do not arise directly from application of external stimulus, and instead develop out of the mind’s consciousness

A

innate ideas

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17
Q

the belief in god or perception of self are considered to be _____ ideas

A

innate

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18
Q

the ______ view was unidirectional (the mind influences the body and not the other way around) and believed the mind was responsible for many functions

A

accepted

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19
Q

whereas _____ view was bi-directional (mind influences the body and the body influences the mind) and believed the mind is responsible only for thought, and that the body is a machine.

A

descartes

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20
Q

the ______ theory states back to Aristotle who believed that all organisms had ________, which allowed them to _____ and ______

A

accepted
vegetative souls
nourish
reproduce

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21
Q

according to aristotle, animals had ____ souls and humans possessed _____ souls that contain conscious reasoning and higher values

A

sensitive

rational

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22
Q

according to Descartes, most basic ideas are ______ of sensory experience (ex: God, self, perfection)

A

independent

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23
Q

according to Locke, ALL ideas are _____ on sensory experience

A

dependent

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24
Q

an ________ is a mental image that occupies consciousness and can be employed while thinking

A

idea

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25
Q

the two experiences that give rise to ideas are _____ and ______

A

sensations

reflections

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26
Q

the two kinds of ideas are _____ and ______

A

simple ideas

complex ideas

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27
Q

______ ideas arise from both sensation and reflection

- they are elemental; received passively by the mind

A

simple

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28
Q

_____ ideas are a combination f simple ideas resulting from further experience

A

complex

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29
Q

For Locke, ______ exists in the object whether or not we perceive it (ex: solidity, extension, figure, mobility)

A

primary quality

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30
Q

For Locke, _____ exists only in our perception of an object

ex: color, odor, sound, tase

A

secondary quality

31
Q

_______ refers to the techniques and principles of conducting historical research

A

Historiography

32
Q

______ : prevailing intellectual climate

…..

A

Zeitgeist

33
Q

_______ theory states that historical change is due to great persons

A

personalistic

34
Q

_______ theory states that historical change is due to Zeitgeist

A

Naturalistic

35
Q

_______ believes that living things are best understood in terms of machines

A

mechanism

36
Q

_______ believes that all acts are caused

A

determinism

37
Q

______ states that events on one level are explained in terms of events on another level

A

reductionism

38
Q

_______ believes that all knowledge is know due to experience

A

empiricism (Locke)

39
Q

_________ was the father of modern philosophy, and believed that the solution to the mind-body problem was interactive dualism

A

rene descartes

40
Q

______ was a british empiricist that argued all ideas come from exprience

A

john locke

41
Q

______ believes that complex ideas arise from linking simple ideas

A

associationism

42
Q

_________ was a british empiricist and an early proponent of mentalism

A

George Berkeley

43
Q

_______ refers to the belief that perception is the only reality

A

mentalism

44
Q

______ was a british empiricist and was known as the ultimate sceptic

A

David Hume

45
Q

______ refers to the idea by David Hume that similarity strengthens association between ideas

A

resemblance

46
Q

_____ refers to the idea by David Hume that proximity in time or space strengthens association between ideas

A

Contiguity

47
Q

______ refers to the idea by David Hume that frequent pairings strengthen association between two ideas

A

repetition

48
Q

______ was a british empiricist who, unlike his father, argued that the mind is active in the association of ideas

A

John Stuart Mill

49
Q

______ was a british empiricist who’s work represents the culmination of associationism

A

James Mill

50
Q

________ refers to the idea proposed by John Stuart Mill that simple ideas combine to form complex ideas with emergent properties; proposed by John Stuart Mill

A

Mental Chemistry

51
Q

________ states that each sensory nerve produces its own specific sensation; first proposed by Johannes Muller

A

specific nerve energy

52
Q

________ claims that the shape of one’s skull reveals one’s personality
- this discipline was founded by ________

A

Phrenology

Franz Gall

53
Q

_________ was a great scientist of the 19th century; his study of human senses advanced experimental approach to psychological issues

A

Hermann Von Helmholtz

54
Q

_________ was the first to demonstrate systematic relations between physical events and mental events

A

Ernst Weber

55
Q

_______ refers to the smallest spatial distance at which two points of touch on body produce two distinct sensations

A

two-point threshold

56
Q

____ refers to the psychological unit designating smallest change in level of stimulus that can be detected

A

JND (Just Noticeable Difference)

57
Q

______ was the founder of psychophysics

A

gustav fechner

58
Q

the ______ refers to the smallest change in level of stimulus that can be detected

A

differential threshold

59
Q

_______ is the scientific study of relations between physical events and mental events

A

psychophysics

60
Q

_______ is the founder of psychology as an independent science; associated with University of Leipzig

A

Wilhem Wundt

61
Q

_______ is the school of Wilhelm Wundt based on notion of apperception

…

A

Voluntarism

62
Q

________ refers to the reflection on one’s subjective experience

A

introspection

63
Q

________ is an active process by which the mind organizes elements of experience to create a wholeness of experience

A

apperception

64
Q

______ was the first to conduct experimental research on learning and memory

A

Hermann Ebbinghaus

65
Q

______ was the founder of act psychology

A

Franz Brentano

66
Q

______ refers to the school that focuses on mental activity rather than mental content

A

act psychology

67
Q

_______ refers to the method of introspection that focuses on intact meaningful experience

A

Phenomenology

68
Q

_______ studied higher mental processes via systematic experimental introspection; founded the Wurzburg school

A

Oswald Kulpe

69
Q

_________ refers to a method of introspection that uses retrospection about mental experience of performing a task

A

systematic experimental

70
Q

________ refers to a mental action with no particular referent; proposed by Oswald Kulpe

A

Imageless Thought

71
Q

________ refers to the school concerned with analyzing consciousness into its component parts

A

structuralism

72
Q

_______ is the founder of structuralism; associated with Cornell University

A

Edward Titchener

73
Q

_______ was a student of Edward Titchener and the first woman to earn a doctorate in psychology

A

Margaret Washburn

74
Q

______ refers to the phenomenon of confusing an object itself with one’s immediate experience of it

A

stimulus error

PSYCH210 (6 decks)

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