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Infant Development > Chapters 1-5 > Flashcards

Chapters 1-5 Flashcards

1
Q

theories

A
  • how we see the developing child

- cant understand development without this

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2
Q

Biological theory

A
  • looking at genotype (DNA) and phenotype (intelligence, temperament)
  • look at difference between males/females
  • looking at behaviors that ensure survival of the species
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3
Q

Jane Goodall-Bio Theorist

A

-Looked at Chimps

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4
Q

Darwin- bio theorist

A
  • natural selection

- survival of the fittest

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5
Q

Survival of the species

A

-breastfeeding

co-sleeping

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6
Q

90% of the world co-sleeps, who is the outlier

A

The US

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7
Q

Optimal development

A

-baby mammals need their mothers/or substitute permanent mother

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8
Q

invetrofetilization

A
  • fertilizes the egg outside he body

- (350 million sperm): does not allow for natural selection

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9
Q

Harlow

A
  • took monkeys away from mothers, put them in a lab
  • “MOM’ 1: rough w/milk
  • “MOM” 2: soft w/o milk
  • babies went and fed but them immediately went back to MOM 2
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10
Q

Attachment

A

IS about security and safety

  • Innate (born with this)
  • Time is the central component of this
  • most activated by stress
  • Does not change, it changes form and lasts a life time
  • Attachment person serves as a model for all future relationships
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11
Q

Neurology

A

We know male and female brains are different

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12
Q

Bowlby-Attachment

A

two theories blended (psycoanalytic-Freud) & (Ethology)

  • culture is so important it can override instincts
  • ONE primary attachment (not solidified till 4-5 years)
  • Different from dependency
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13
Q

Ethology

A

Study of mammals every way (cognitive, neurologically)

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14
Q

PORK experiment

A

2 groups of kids 5-6 year olds, 1 group bottle fed/crib slept/daycare kids, 2 group breastfed/co-sleeping/mom raised.The crib sleepers stayed by mom and didn’t want to go play because there is no trust that mom won’t leave. 98% of group 2 went and played because there was trust

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15
Q

Helicopter

A
  • Not the same as attachment

- this is fear based

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16
Q

-FREUD- Psychoanalytic Theory

A
  • Psychosexual stages
  • mother/child relationship is most important (bio. mom)
  • According to him everyone goes through these stages
  • needs must be met to advance in stages
  • earlier you are fixated the more pathological you are
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17
Q

Psychosexual Stages- ORAL stage

A
  • All needs centered around the mouth
  • ex: child breastfed by mother
  • if fixated, overeating, smoking, drinking sucking on things, etc
  • should last between 3rd and 7th birthday
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18
Q

Psychosexual Stages- ANAL stage

A

-Anal Explosive: Stare at mom and poop
(Hoarders)
-Anal Retentive: Hold potty, and don’t want to go to hold power over mom
(OCD)
-Around the world 2-3 year old boys are 2-24 months behind girls in this stage

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19
Q

Psychosexual Stages- PHALLIC stage

A
  • 3-6 year olds, genital focus, feels much more different to rub a knee than genitals.
  • self-explore other genders genitals
  • Genital mouth contact is a HUGE problem (could be considered sexual abuse)
  • if fixated, sexual frigid, sexual contact, highly promiscuous
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20
Q

“The child is the father of man”

A

what happens to us when younger determines what we are like when older

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21
Q

Erickson

A
  • He was a freudian and added to his theories

- Staged theorist

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22
Q

Psychosocial Stage 1

A

trust vs mistrust: birth to 1 year

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23
Q

ID

A

We are born with this and is all about me, selfish and bride-less

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24
Q

Superego

A

phallic stage, conscious, “do not do it”

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25
Q

Ego

A

Phallic stage, rational component

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26
Q

Oedipal complex

A

when the child falls in love with the parent of the opposite sex

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27
Q

Electra complex

A

fall in love with dad

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28
Q

Behaviorism

A

Theory created to debunk the psychoanalytic theory
if it can’t be measured or seen it isn’t real
the current environment motivated behavior
-no personality based on consequences
-positive and negative reinforcements

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29
Q

Watson-behavior

A
  • nature vs. nurture
  • child’s environment is the factor that shapes behavior over natural temperament
  • conditioned a kid with scary noises to become afraid of certain objects
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30
Q

Skinner-behavior

A
  • father of operant conditioning (consequences of a response is determined by it being repeated)
  • Skinner box with an animal in there
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31
Q

Pavlov-behavior

A

-classical conditioning (salivation of dogs to a bell/noise of some sort)

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32
Q

Bandura-behavior

A
  • observing, modeling and imitating the behaviors, attitudes and emotional reactions of others
  • social learning considers both environmental and cognitive factors that influence human learning and behavior
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33
Q

Cognitive Theory-Piaget

A
  • looking at how thinking changes with are, problem solving
  • staged theorist
  • developmental precedes learning (you have to be in that stage before you learn something new)
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34
Q

Cognitive: Stage 1 (sensorimotor)

A
  • birth to 2 years olds
  • learning the curves through senses, baby picking up cherries and drop on the group
  • fine motor skills (pinch/grasp)
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35
Q

Cognitive: Stage 2 (Pre-operational)

A
  • 3 to 7 years

- language, unable to conserve (do not understand mass)

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36
Q

Cognitive: Stage 3 (concrete)

A
  • 7 to 12 year olds
  • you can feel it and see it, and touch it
  • cant think abstractly, starting to learn empathy/sharing/learning the rules of a game
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37
Q

Cognitive: Stage 4 (Formal operations)

A
  • 12 to forever

- start thinking abstractly, can think about the future and planning

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38
Q

Vygotsky

A
  • learn it before you move to the next

- two types of learning Rote and Authentic

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39
Q

Rote learning

A

you did good in physics class but it is instantly gone after the test

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40
Q

Authentic Learning

A

you learn it, and can actually talk about it and debate/analyze and then apply it to real life
-occurs only in social relationships

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41
Q

What percentage of SPED kids in American males?

A

90%

42
Q

ZPD (Zone of Proximal Development)

A

the place where real learning occurs, you know you’re there when you can do it with little bit of scaffolding (prompting)

  • Two other zones in this
  • Way over the head & Already known, when in these zones we zone out and don’t pay attention to what is being taught
43
Q

Ecological Systems Theory: Bronfen Brenner

A

-Baby circle: Microsystems(family, loved ones)
-Meso system: (school, work)
-Exo system: (laws, policy)
-Macro system: cultural beliefs
Chrono circle: biggest circle ( historical time)
-continually being influenced

44
Q

Locke

A
  • children are born as blank slates and we can mold them into anything
  • FATHER OF BEHAVIORISM
  • children are born blank slates
45
Q

Gissell

A
  • opposite of Locke
  • all nature and maturation
  • all humans need nurturing, shelter, love , socialization
  • cannot change people, they are born that way
46
Q

Preconception

A
  • wants best environment for baby, they respond to light/sound/music in utero
  • avoid toxins if trying to conceive (drugs, alcohol)
47
Q

Conception

A
  • baby helmets (fix flat heads in America)

- During the Renaissance (wet nurses, women employed to the nurse the baby)

48
Q

Breastfeeding

A

-your body will not release an egg and ovulation will occur

49
Q

Russo

A

-children are born good, let them play

50
Q

Childbirth 1900s

A
  • children born at home
  • when drugged your immune system is not working correctly
  • increase in infant deaths when taken to the hospital
  • when birth medicalized, men became “experts”
  • illegal to have birth at home in NE and AL
51
Q

what percentage of problems are predicted in prenatal care

A

98%

52
Q

what percentage of US women do not get prenatal because they can’t afford it

A

25%

53
Q

Prenatal test

A

there should be no ultrasounds unless there is a high risk situation according to experts

54
Q

Electrical fetal monitoring

A

there are two kinds and they are not necessary

  • External: we lay women on her back and put electrodes on her turning to see baby heart rate, laying on back slows labor
  • internal: go through vaginal canal put electrodes on babies head
55
Q

what percentage of babies are born at home

A

75%

56
Q

lowest infant mortality rate in the world

A

Norway

57
Q

what percentage of babies were born at home with a midwife (Norway)

A

90%

58
Q

C-sections

A

invasive, major surgery, that can cause infection or death easily
-20-50 thousand dollars

59
Q

Vaginal Births

A

-2-6 thousand
-birth plan
-

60
Q

Pitocin

A

drug given to give constant contractions

61
Q

Three stages of labor

A
  • the longest can last for days
  • the quickest, baby in birth canal
  • birthing the placenta
62
Q

Pregnancy

A

only can get pregnant when ovulating

  • conception occurs in the Fallopian tubes
  • 14 days for the egg to travel down and implant
  • conviced women in america that they can give birth without drugs
  • very common to puke or poo during birth
63
Q

birth control

A

does not allow zygote to plant and gives it a hostile environment

64
Q

teratogen

A
  • envirometnal agent responsible for birth defects
  • alcohol, any type of drug
  • mammals secrete natural opiates
65
Q

Adrenaline

A

cervix freezes, best way to get mammal to birth is for a relaxed enviorment

66
Q

Episiotomy

A

cutting the perineum (in-between vaginal and butthole)

67
Q

what percentage of women in the US are drugged for birth

A

about 90-98%

68
Q

Epidural

A
  • can deriviative, the drugs enter the placenta and babies brain in secomas (numbs from the ribs down)
  • drugs are based off of moms weight and not the babies (could harm the baby)
  • increases c-section rate by 80%
69
Q

Colic

A

baby crying all the time and no way to make it stop

-not in those two prattle breastfeeding and co-sleeping

70
Q

what percentage of women who have an epidural have long-term side effects

A

25%

-headaches, backspin fever, utilizing, numbness in legs, weakness in the legs

71
Q

Due Dates

A

less than 1% of babies are actually born on their due date unless induced

  • 2-3 weeks of due date be prepared for baby
  • age of mom, # of pregnancies , drug use, health status, genetics are factors that affect length of it
72
Q

Water Breaking

A

cervix has a “plug” baby is safe and clean in there, and then mom goes potty or something and little pinkish mucus is gone the water breaks

73
Q

Breach

A

upside down baby (we want head of baby towards vagina)

-could unbreach baby with sound, light or music

74
Q

what percentage of babies were born vaginally before the 1970s?

A

90%

75
Q

Hunts Research

A

3000 babies die everyday on this earth from not being breastfed

76
Q

Freed

A

women do the best they can with the information given-

-when babies are born their immune system is nonexistent

77
Q

grulee’s work

A

babies who drank formula were sicker/hospitalized, and died more

78
Q

Breastfeeding

A
  • impacts you for the rest of your life
  • protects women for the rest of her life
  • releases oxytocin and prolactin
  • 500-1500 calories
79
Q

surgeon genreal

A

we would save billions of dollars if women breastfed`

80
Q

Gallop

A

choosing not to breastfeed faults oxygen and prolactin which brings the grief response
-stimulate the death of a child

81
Q

the #1 allergy is

A

dairy

82
Q

mammal milk is really low in what

A

vitamin D

83
Q

Cholstrome

A

first milk after baby is born, very rich in nutrients and immunity

84
Q

Deciduous teeth

A

20 baby teeth

85
Q

what percentage of all formula is purchased by WIC

A

49%

86
Q

Furbur

A

best selling book (how to get your baby to sleep during nights)
-go up in minutes every night when babies cry

87
Q

Babies

A

-babies are born with smoky blue eyes
-average length is 19-21 inches
-average weight is 7-8 pounds
newborns sleep around 16-17 a day

88
Q

Lanugo

A

infant hair in weird places

89
Q

Fontanels

A

soft spots on babies head (6 of them)

closes around 18-24 months

90
Q

Preemie

A

less than 37 weeks

91
Q

what percentage of formula milk is digestible

A

60%

92
Q

what percentage of the world practices co-sleeping?

A

80-90%

93
Q

Primate

A

biologically designed to sleep with mom

4 digits and a thumb

94
Q

Co-sleeping

A

sleeping with mom where physical touch is possible

95
Q

JJ McKenna

A

lead expert in co-sleeping

when baby is REM sleep he forgets to breath, mom jumps starts babies breathing

96
Q

what place in the world practices co-sleeping for the longest period of Time?

A

Japan about 8-9 years

97
Q

how long to suffocate a baby

A

about 4-6 minutes

98
Q

what percentage of SIDS deaths occur in the crib

A

98.4%

99
Q

Circumcision

A

you circumsize boys not girls in America

not medically necessary

100
Q

what percentage of males are cicumsised worldwide?

A

15%

Infant Development (1 decks)

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