Chapters 1-5 Flashcards
Palmer grasp
grasp with the whole hand
expected milestones for adolescence
LOGICAL THINKING
rapid physical changes
identity becomes important
interactions w/ non family members
more abstract
idealistic
cohort effects
social effects of a group of people over time
ex. covid, pregnancy during covid, 911
What are the expected outcomes of these overlapping processes of each period of development? (middle and late childhood)
fundamental skills
mastery (reading, writing, math)
increased self-control
achievement
What are the expected outcomes of these processes of each period of development? (early childhood)
more self sufficient
play is important
What are the expected outcomes of these overlapping processes of each period of development? (infancy)
object permanence
3 important processes in human development
biological processes
cognitive processes
socioemotional processes
Fetal MRI
magnet and radio images
detail image of body organs and structure
Purpose: helps detect abnormalities (central nervous system, chest, genitals/urinals)
Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)
small sampling of tissue from the placenta to test for chromosomal abnormalities and genetic problems (Down syndrome)
small risk of limb deformity, test baby sex, Info on whether to abort)
non shared environmental experiences
child’s own unique experiences
how can we use polygenetic scores to capture influences of children’s environment
individual differences in developmental trajectories
intergenerational transmission
peer influences on child development
resilience and positive development
ultrasound
high frequency sound waves
echoes transformed into visual representation
purpose: detects abnormalities, # of fetuses, clues about sex
stage 2 of birth
baby’s head starts to move through the cervix and birth canal
stage 1 of birth
uterine contractions cause women’s cervix to stretch and dilate 4 in. (longest stage)
postpartum depression
10%
symptoms linger for weeks or months (4th trimester)
expected milestones between birth and newborns and infancy and toddlerhood
beginnings of many psychological activity
ways to improve live with social policy
immigration policies
immunization requirements
lack of funding in ending hunger
4 areas for improving lives and outcomes of children
health and well-being
parenting
education
socioculture contexts and diversity
shared environmental experiences
families socioeconomic status
neighborhood
amniocenteses
small sampling of amniotic fluid to test birth defects
risks: small risk of miscarriage, later=greater diagnostic potential, sooner=more knowledge for handling pregnancy
maternal blood screening
identify pregnancies w/ heightened risks of birth defects
triple screen substance
how to generate ideas/researchable questions?
correlational/ association study (describe events as they naturally occur)
experimental study
what do we study?
how parents nurture children
how peers interact
children’s develop over time
screen time and overweight
special care repair neglect
if mentoring can improve children’s achievement
stage 3 of birth
afterbirth
shortest stage
placenta, umbilical cord detach
Apgar scale
asses 5 health indicators of newborns one to five minutes after birth
7-10=healthy
5 below=potential difficulties
fetal period
two months after conception to birth
7 months
rapid physical growth
3 months: becomes active
threats to fetus development (3Ds)
drugs
disease
diet
hazards to prenatal development
any agent that cause birth defects or alter cog. and behavioral outcomes
germinal stage
lasts 2 weeks after conception (over before mother knows it)
rapid cell division
zygotę attaches to walls
extra familial resilience
bonds with external adults
effective schooling
positive connections with organization
4 months (voice/face)
matches faces and voices
distinguish between male and female faces and difference in ethnicities
vision
newborn 20/240
by 6 months 20/40
infants show interest in human faces soon after birth
perception
interpretation of what is being sensed
fine motor skills
increased MYELINATION facilitates fine motor skills improvement
girls outperform boys
age and experience and exercise=FMS growth
Mitchell research
argued that development of infant hand preferences creates groups of infants who engage differently
consistent infant hand preferences predict developmental advances in language development tool use and objects construction skills
EXPRESSIVE LANGUAGE
sensation
when info interacts w/ sensory receptors (eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, skin)
what happens during infancy (growth wise)
rapid increase in height and weight
double weight by 4 months triple by 1 year
pincer grasp
grasp small objects w/ thumb and forefinger
myths about puberty
puberty starts at one point in time
takes several years then stops
hormonal changes start around 8.5 years for females and 9.5 years for males
what happens during early childhood (growth wise)
slower growth slimming of body and body fat
more muscle tissue (males)
more fat tissue (females)
infants and shape consistency
as young as 3 months
not for irregular shaped objects
recognition that objects maintain their shape although their orientation to us may change
infants and size consistency
as young as 3 months continues to develop until 10-11
the recognition that objects maintain their size despite a change in the objects retinal image
cephalocaudal (top down)
head develops faster then moves down
proximidistal
left to right development
independent objects and depth perception
at 2 months infants develop the ability to perceive partly hidden objects as whole
2-4 months sense depth perception
organized sports GMS pros and cons
physical injuries
placing undue stress onto kids to do better
win at all costs
familial resilience
close relationships w/ caring parents/ family members
structure and high expectations
socioeconomic advantages
individual resilience
good intellectual functioning
sociable
self confident
faith
talents
postpartum blues
70%
appear 2-3 days after delivery and usually subside in 1-2 weeks
gross motor skills
requires postural control
sit w/ support
head up
roll on tummy
walks
crawls
jumps, skips, runs, squats
reflexes
blinking
grasping
stepping
sucking
swimming
polygenetic score
helps us identify individuals who may have an elevated risk for genetic disease/ maladaptive or adaptive traits, behaviors
ex. scores for schizo may predict late adolescent substance
perception constancy
sensory stimulation changes but perception of the physical world remains constant
how do genes influence development
genotype
phenotype
what are genes
act collaboratively
passed on to new cells
processes and periods of child/adolescent development
prenatal
infancy
early childhood
middle and late childhood
adolescence
do girls or boys have greater gross motor skills
boys
Gibson’s ecological view
people directly perceive info that they see in external world
early later experience issue
degree to which early experiences (especially in infancy) or later experiences are the key determinant of children’s development
continuity-discontinuity issue
whether development involves gradual, cumulative change (continuity) or distinct changes (discontinuity)
nature v nurture issue
whether development is primarily influenced by nature v nurture
biological inheritance or environmental inheritance
habituation and dishabituation
infants distinguishing between stimuli
decrease reaction
