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psychology 104 > chapters 1-4 > Flashcards

chapters 1-4 Flashcards

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1
Q

psychology

A

The scientific study of an individuals mind and behaviour

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2
Q

behaviour

A

observable actions of humans and animals

  • things we do by ourselves or with others
  • how an organism adjusts to its enviroment
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3
Q

goals of psychology

A

1, describe 2, explain 3, predict 4, control ( stimulate, maintain, eliminate, and improve behaviour)

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4
Q

psyche

A

mind or thought ( thinking, planning, reasoning, creating, dreaming)

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5
Q

psychology benefits society and enhances our lives

A

psychologists apply their theories to understand and improvve the world around us

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6
Q

basic research

A

knowledge for its own sake

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7
Q

applied research

A

solutions to practical problems

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8
Q

what is not psychology but is related

A

sociology, folk psychology, parapsychology.

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9
Q

hospital psychologists

A

clinical psychologists, counselling, and health

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10
Q

clinical psychologists

A

help diagnose and treat mental problems or disorders,

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11
Q

counselling psychologists

A

deal with common crisis’s such as divorce

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12
Q

health psychologists

A

prevent, treat, and rehabilitate psychological and socail factors resulting in physical illnesses

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13
Q

school psychologists

A

educational psychologists and school psychologists

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14
Q

educational psychologists

A

give guidance to students, teachers, and parents

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15
Q

school psychologists

A

deal with common crisis’s or mental problems of students and teachers

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16
Q

acedemy psychologists

A

cognitive/experimental psychology, developmental psychology, and biological psychology, social psychology, cultural, sports, personality, and comparative psychology

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17
Q

cogntivie/experimental psychology

A

do lab experiments on basic psychological processes such as learning, memory, language, problem solving ,

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18
Q

developmental psychology

A

study the change in psychological processes over the life span

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19
Q

biological psychology

A

studies the relationship between the nervous system and behavior/ thought

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20
Q

personality psychology

A

study what makes people unique

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21
Q

social psychology

A

studies how individuals influence and are influenced by others

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22
Q

cultural psychology

A

study how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their followers

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23
Q

sports psychology

A

study the psychological factors affecting sports performance

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24
Q

comparative psychology

A

study the behavior of animals

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25
Q

field psychologist

A

industrial, organizational, forensic psychology

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26
Q

industrial psychology

A

selects and evaluates employees/workers

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27
Q

organizational psychologists

A

studies the work environments and management styles . helps promote production and satisfaction

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28
Q

forensic psychology

A

studies child abuse, and legal and mental evaluations for defendants

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29
Q

Plato

A

was involved in platomic academy. invented the theory of nativism

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30
Q

Aristotle

A

invented the theory of empiricism

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31
Q

Nativism

A

the knowledge and skills are innate or hardwired into the brain at birth

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32
Q

Rationalism

A

the human body is something that can be understood scientifically. ( body and mind are different things)

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33
Q

empiricism

A

the blank slate theory; the brain begins as a blank slate and all knowledge is acquired through experiences

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34
Q

wilhiem wundt

A
  • opened the first psychology lab(1867)

- came up with the theory of structuralism with Titchener

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35
Q

structuralism

A

the subject of matter of psychology is the consciousness (assumed that consciousness could be broken down into basic elements)
- used introspection and reaction time

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36
Q

functionalism

A

(james) -focuses on the adaptive purpose and function of human behavior
- learned by doing rather than listening or memorizing

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37
Q

sigmund freud

A

broadened study and treatment of psychological disorders

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38
Q

psychodynamics

A

dynamic processes such as interactions between ID, ego, or superego

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39
Q

Libido

A

drive, instinct energy, or force in ID

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40
Q

Psychological disorders

A
  • unfulfilled wishes
  • childhood traumas
  • disguised affects of libido
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41
Q

psychopathology

A

brings the unconsciousness into consciousness

42
Q

behaviorism

A 
(john b watson)
- based on observable behaviors
(bf skinner) 
- behavior controlled by environment
-control the environment and then you can control the behavior
43
Q

Albert bandura

A

merged the cognitive and behavioral perspectives into cognitive behaviorism

44
Q

cognitive behaviorism

A
  • human beings are thinking creatures
  • people do not just react to enviroment
  • learned new behaviors through observations
45
Q

Two way

A

we’re influenced by our enviroment and we influence the enviroment

46
Q

behavior therepy

A

based on the principles of operant conditioning

  • positive reinforcement (rewards)
  • punishment and extinction
47
Q

cognitive behavior therapy

A

emphasizes that both the experiences and the environment influence behavior

48
Q

cognitivism

A

(jean Piaget) -child develpment

  • information processing
  • language acquisiton
49
Q

gestalt psychology

A

(how we make sense of the world around us)

  • we perceive the unified whole rather than the sum of its parts
  • the mind is studied in terms of a larger meaningful units instead of small units of structuralism
50
Q

cognitive neuropsychology

A

uses electrical recordings and brain imaging to directly assess neural activities while participants complete cognitive tasks

51
Q

humanistic perspective

A
  • emphasizes individual capacities for choice and growth
  • studies individuals subjective experiences
  • offers a more optimistic view of human beings
52
Q

person centered therepy

A

facilitates self-actualization towards growth

  • genuineness
  • empathy
  • reflection of feelings
  • positive regard
53
Q

socio-cultural perspective

A

thinks beyond the individual, emphases the interpersonal factors and the broader context of human interaction

54
Q

culture

A

the values, traditions, and beliefs that are shared by a group of people (ex. Individualism(american culture) Vs. Collectivism (Asian culture))

55
Q

Phrenology

A

human mind has a set of various mental faculties, each one represent in a different area of the brain

56
Q

biological perspectives

A

emphasizes how biological factors influence behavioural studies

  • genetics
  • brain structures/function
  • bio chemical processes
57
Q

evolutionary psychology

A
  • emphasizes the affect of evolution on behavior today
  • natural selection is the ultimate goal of reproduction
  • adaptation is inherited solutions to ancestral problems
  • seeks for evidence rather than experimenting
58
Q

mating strategies theory

A

-reproduction pressure (leave behind as many offspring as possible)
- cost of pregnancy and parenting
females: will choose older mate with better resources, status,and production
Males: will choose younger females that are more physically well developed so they are in prime breeding condition

59
Q

selective breeding

A
  • influence genetic traits

- does not influence environmental dependent traits

60
Q

conducting research in psychology

A
  • develop a hypothesis
  • gather objective data
  • analyze the results
  • publishing, criticizing and replicating the results
61
Q

variable

A

any characteristic that can vary ( stress, weight, reaction time)

62
Q

operational

A

defines a variable in terms of specific procedures used to produce or measure

63
Q

hypothesis

A

must be tentative and testable

64
Q

science

A

falsifiable and peer reviewed, replicated, and empirical

65
Q

pseudoscience

A

not open to criticism, relies on testimony, doesn’t rule out alternative explanations

66
Q

reliable

A

= consistent

67
Q

internal validity

A

the degree to which results support clear causal conclusions

68
Q

external validity

A

the degree to which the results are generalizable to other situations (random sampling)

69
Q

nativism

A

knowledge is innate

70
Q

humanism

A

study individuals subjective experiences

71
Q

scientific theories are

A

a set of related assumptions that guide and explain observations and allow testable predictions to be made

72
Q

one advantage of behavioral measures compared to self reporting measures is that they:

A

are less prone to social desirability bias

73
Q

if two scores have the same mean they must have:

A

similar variabilities, same variabilities, or must have different variabilities

74
Q

things that should be provided before an experiment

A

the duration of the experiment, potential risks or benefits, and that you can withdrawal your data at any time

75
Q

purpose of research:

A

description, correlation, prediction

76
Q

types of methods

A

observation, case study, interview/survey, experimental

77
Q

measures of DVs

A

psychological(self report), behavioral, physiological

78
Q

descriptive research

A

describing the behavior in a natural setting

79
Q

correlation studies

A

relationship between/ among variables

-uses measurements, instead of manipulation

80
Q

experimental studies

A

cause and effect relationships

-manipualting x causes changes with y

81
Q

case study

A

examines one individual group in depth, suggests directions for further study, challenges the validity of a theory, shows what could happen, but could be misleading

82
Q

interview study

A

examines many cases in less depth, does individual questionaires, group interview, random sampling, and couple studies

83
Q

naturalistic observation

A

describes behavior rather than explain it, unobtrusive observation, systematical analysis, but lacks control

84
Q

pros of lab/controlled observations

A

factors are controlled that may interfere with the to be observed behavior

85
Q

cons of lab/controlled observations

A

the subjects were have a different performance since they are not in theri natural environment and know they are being observed/ studied

86
Q

measures dependent variables

A
  • self reporting
  • physiological
  • behavioural measures
87
Q

confounding variables

A
  • placebo effect

- expectancy effect

88
Q

self reporting

A

a self report that measures fixed alternatives, and open ended questions

89
Q

bahavioral measures

A

systematic observations and lab tests

90
Q

physiological measures

A

equipment records (lie detector, etc)

91
Q

placebo effect

A

an “effective” medication will lead to effective results

92
Q

mean

A

the center of a data set

93
Q

varability

A

the spread of a

data set

94
Q

median

A

middle score

95
Q

mode

A

most often occurring value

96
Q

pros of variance

A

reflects the average variability of individual values

• less sensitive to outliers

97
Q

cons of variance

A

reported in squared units does not reflect the actual

distance

98
Q

standard deviation

A

The square root of the variance

99
Q

positive correlation

A

Variables change in same direction

100
Q

negative correlation

A

Variables change in opposite directions

101
Q

ethical issues in research

A
  • Informed Consent
  • Risk/Gain Assessment
  • Intentional Deception
  • Debriefing
102
Q

psychologists must do this:

A
  • Protect and promote the welfare of participants.
    -. Avoid doing harm to participants.
  • Not carry out any studies unless the probable
    benefit is proportionately greater than the risk.
    -. Ensure privacy and confidentiality.

psychology 104 (1 decks)

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