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Anthropology 101 > Chapters 1-4 > Flashcards

Chapters 1-4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Anthropology

A

The study of human nature, human society, and the human past.

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2
Q

Holism

A

A characteristic of the anthropological perspective that describes, at the highest and most inclusive level, how anthropology tries to integrate all that is known about human beings and their activities, with the result that the whole is understood to be greater than the sum of its part.

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3
Q

Comparison

A

A characteristic of the anthropological perspective that requires anthropologists to consider similarities and differences in as wide a range of human societies as possible before generalizing about human nature, human society, or the human past.

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4
Q

Evolution

A

A characteristic of the anthropological perspective that requires anthropologists to place their observations about human nature, human society, or the human past in a temporal framework that takes into consideration change over time

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5
Q

Culture

A

sets of learned behavior and ideas that human beings acquire as members of society. Human beings use culture to adapt to and to transform the world in which they live.

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6
Q

Biocultural organisms

A

Organisms whose defining features are codetermined by biological and cultural factors

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7
Q

Material culture

A

objects created or shaped by human beings and given meaning by cultural practices

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8
Q

Biological Anthropology

A

The specialty of anthropology that looks at human beings as biological organisms and tries to discover what characteristics make them different from other organisms and what characteristics they share.

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9
Q

Primatology

A

The study of nonhuman primates, the closest living relatives of human beings.

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10
Q

Paleoanthropology

A

The search for fossilized remains of humanity’s earliest ancestors.

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11
Q

Cultural Anthropology

A

The specialty of anthropology that shows how variation in the beliefs and behaviors of members of different human groups is shaped by sets of learned behaviors and ideas that human beings acquire as members of society.

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12
Q

Sex

A

observable physical characteristics that distinguish two kinds of humans, females and males, needed for biological reproduction.

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13
Q

Gender

A

the cultural construction of beliefs and behaviors considered appropriate for each sex.

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14
Q

Fieldwork

A

An extended period of close involvement with the people in whose language or way of life anthropologists are interested, during which anthropologists ordinarily collect most of their data.

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15
Q

Informants

A

people in a particular culture who work with anthropologists and provide them with insights about their way of life

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16
Q

Ethnography

A

Anthropologist’s written or filmed description of a particular culture.

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17
Q

Ethnology

A

The comparative study of two or more cultures

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18
Q

Language

A

The system of arbitrary vocal symbols used to encode one’s experience of the world and of others.

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19
Q

Linguistic anthropology

A

The specialty of anthropology concerned with the study of human languages

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20
Q

Archaeology

A

a cultural anthropology of the human past involving the analysis of material remains left behind by earlier societies.

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21
Q

Applied anthropology

A

The subfield of anthropology that uses informative gathered from the other anthropological specialties to solve practical cross-cultural.

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22
Q

Medical anthropology

A

The specialty of anthropology that concerns itself with human health-the factors that contribute to disease or illness and the ways that human populations deal with disease or illness.

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23
Q

Culture

A

sets of learned behaviors and ideas that humans acquire as members of society. Humans use culture to adapt to and transform the world in which they live.

24
Q

Socialization

A

The process by which human beings as material organisms living together with other similar organisms cope with the behavioral rules established by their respective societies.

25
Q

Enculturation

A

the process of learning to be a member of a particular cultural group

26
Q

Symbol

A

something that stands for something else

27
Q

Human agency

A

the exercise of at least some control over their lives by human beings

28
Q

Coevolution

A

The dialectical relationship between biological processes and symbolic cultural processes, in which each makes up an important part of the environment to which the other must adapt.

29
Q

ethnocentrism

A

The opinion that one’s own way of life is natural or correct and, indeed, the only true way of being fully human

30
Q

Cultural relativism

A

Understanding another culture in its own terms sympathetically enough so that the culture appears to be a coherent and meaningful design for living

31
Q

participant observation

A

The method anthropologists use to gather information by living as closely as possible to the people whose culture they are studying while participating in their lives as much as possible.

32
Q

Positivism

A

The view that their is a reality out there that can be known through the sense in that there is a single appropriate set of scientific methods of investigating that reality

33
Q

Objective knowlegde

A

knowledge about reality that is absolute and true

34
Q

Intersubjective meanings

A

the shared public symbolic systems of a culture

35
Q

reflexivity

A

critically thinking about the way one thinks; reflecting on ones own experience

36
Q

Dialect of fieldwork

A

The process of building a bridge of understanding between anthropologist and informants so that each can begin to understand the other

37
Q

Culture shock

A

The feeling that develops in people living in an unfamiliar society when they cannot understand what is happening around them.

38
Q

Fact

A

Widely accepted observation

39
Q

Capitalism

A

An economic system dominated by the supply-demand -price mechanism called the market

40
Q

Colonialism

A

Cultural domination with enforced social change

41
Q

Political economy

A

A holistic term that emphasizes the centrality of material interest and the use of power to protect and enhance that interest

42
Q

Neocolonialism

A

The persistence of profound social and economic entanglements linking former colonial territories to their former colonial rulers despite political sovereignty.

43
Q

Typology

A

A classification system based on forms of human society

44
Q

Unilineal cultural evolutionism

A

a 19th century theory that proposed a series of stages through which all societies must go in order to reach civilization

45
Q

social structure

A

the enduring aspects of the social forms in a society including its political and kinship systems

46
Q

band

A

small group of people

47
Q

tribe

A

group of people larger than a band, farm or herd for a living

48
Q

Chiefdom

A

form of social organization in which the leaqder and the chiefs close relatives are set apart from the rest of society

49
Q

state

A

a stratified society tha tpossesses a territory that is defended from outside enemies with an army and from internationa; disorder with police. Separate government

50
Q

structural function theory

A

a position that explores how particular social forms function from day to day in order to reproduce the traditional structure of the society

51
Q

cultural traits

A

particular features or parts of a cultural tradition, such as a dance or ritual

52
Q

culture area

A

the limits of borrowing or the diffusion of a particular cultural trait of set of traits

53
Q

species

A

reproductive community of populations that occupy a specific niche in nature

54
Q

phenotype

A

observable, measureable outward characteristics of an organisms

55
Q

cline

A

the gradual integration of generic variation from population to population

56
Q

globalization

A

reshaping of local conditions by powerful global forces on an ever-intensifying scale

57
Q

cyborg anthropology

A

a form of anthropological analysis based on the notion of organism-machine hybrids or cyborgs that offers a new model for challenging rigid social political and economic boundaries that have been used to separate people by gender sexuality class and race boundaries proclaimed by their defenders as natural

Anthropology 101 (3 decks)

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