Chapters 1-4 Flashcards by Hailey Harper

Sequences that don’t code for identifiable proteins but in many cases produce molecules that influence the actions of coding sequences

noncoding sequences

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stresses that human beings can only be understood by brooding our perspective one time and space. -perspective avoids ethnocentrism

anthropological perspective

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the organelle that contains the DNA and controls the process of a cell

nucleus

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cultural anthropology, anthropological linguistics, archaeology, biological or physical anthropology, applied anthropology

anthropology sub-fields

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the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis also called crossing over

recombination

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the view that most of earths geological features are the result of large scale catastrophes such as floods, volcanic eruption

catastrophism

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1732-1802

Grandfather of Charles Darwin physician, inventor, natural philosopher, supporter of Lamarck

Erasmus Darwin

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genes that influence the activity of other genes

regulatory genes

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the mutual interactive evolution of human biology and culture; the concept that biology makes culture possible and that developing culture further influences the direction of biological evolution

bio-cultural evolution

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study of disease and injury in skeletons from archeological sites

paleopathology

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detailed descriptive studies of human societies in cultural anthropology an ethnography is traditionally the study of a non western society

ethnography’s

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relying on experience or observation; not merely theoretical

empirical

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descriptive of an allele in a heterozygous individual that appears to be the only one affecting a trait

dominant

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the focus within biological anthropology that is concerned with the biology and behavior of non human primates

primatology

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the study of skeletal remains from archaeological sites

bioarchaeology

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an allele is an alternative form of a gene that is located at a specific position on a specific chromosome

allele

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Alleles for one charateristic assort or divide up among the gametes during mieosis independently of other alleles for other characteristics

principle of independent assortment

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Basic units of DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases

nucleotides

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genetically determined classes of human blood that are based on the presence or absence of carbohydrates A and B on the surface of red blood cells; the phenotypes, also called blood types, are A, B, AB, and O

abo blood group

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deoxyribonucleic acid; the genetic material that carries information about an organism and is passed from parent to offspring

DNA

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characteristics that are influenced by alleles at only one genetic locus

Mendelian traits

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behavioral aspects of human adaptation, including technology, traditions, language, religion, marriage patterns, and social roles. Culture is a set of learned behaviors transmitted from on generation to the next by non biological (that is non genetic)means.

culture

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Professional collector responsible for the finds of marine reptiles.
Her work was not respected because she was a woman.
One of the world’s foremost experts on fossils, self taught expert on comparative anatomy.
Discovered the first plesiosaur
Discovered the first complete skeleton of an icthyosaur

Mary Anning

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sex cells

gametes

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The assembly of chains of amino acids into functional protein molecules

protein synthesis

A type of RNA, synthesized from DNA, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein.

mRNA

a change in the genetic structure of a population. The term is also sometimes used to refer to the appearance of a new species.

evolution

transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome

tRNA

a provisional explanation of a phenomenon. requires verification or falsification through testing.

hypotheses

A method of producing thousands of copies of DNA segment using the enzyme DNA polymerase

polymerase chain reaction

describes a trait or an allele that is expressed only when two recessive alleles for the same characteristic are inherited

recessive

When gametes form, each pair of factors will separate, with one half of the gametes getting one factor and one half of the gametes getting the other factor

principle of segregation

Pertaining to groups of organisms that, mainly because of genetic differences, are prevented from mating and producing offspring with members of other groups. (John Ray)

reproductively isolated

a jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

cytoplasm

Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another.

hormones

The use of anthropological knowledge and methods to solve practical problems, often for a specific client.

applied anthropology

a non-coding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene

introns

A small amount of DNA that is located in the mitochondria of cells. Mitochondrial DNA is inherited only through the mother.

mitochondrial DNA

a series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions

scientific method

the specialization of physical anthropology that investigates the biological evolution of the human species. The study of earlier hominins-their chronology, physical structure, archaeological remains, habitats, and so on.

paleoanthropology

abundant organic components of the human body; contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; perform a variety of essential functions - support, movement, transport, buffering, metabolic regulation, coordination, defense

proteins

the specific site of a particular gene on its chromosome

locus

English economist: Said that population tends to increase more rapidly than food supplies

Thomas Malthus

Evolution resulting from a succession of relatively small genetic variations that often cause the formation of new subspecies.

microevolutionary

threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next

chromosomes

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

zygote

to duplicate. The DNA molecule is able to make copies of itself

replicate

the notion that species, once created, can never change; an idea diametrically opposed to theories of biological evolution

fixity of species

the number of offspring an individual produces and rears to reproductive age; an individual's genetic contribution to the next generation

reproductive success

the process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than other members of the same species

natural selection

how well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment

fitness

1809-1882. English naturalist, eminent collector and geologist, who proposed and provided evidence that all species of life have evolved through process of natural selection. This is the basis of modern evolutionary theory, and, in modified form, his scientific discovery remains as the foundation of biology. Author of "On The Origin Of Species" in 1859.

Charles Darwin

specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells

enzymes

all of the cells in your body except for your sex cells

somatic cells

Also known as biological anthropology. The systematic study of humans as biological organisms.

physical anthropology

group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring

species

The chance distribution of chromosomes to daughter cells during meiosis

random assortment

Formulated theory of uniformitarianism. Leading geologist during Darwin's time.

Charles Lyell

a principle that geologic processes that occurred in the past can be explained by current geologic processes

Uniformitarianism

Forces in the environment that influence reproductive success in individuals

selective pressures

an organisms genetic makeup or allele combinations

genotype

an applied biological anthropologist concerned with legal issues. frequently focuses on the identification of skeletal material and the cause of death

forensic anthropology

Swedish botanist who proposed the modern system of biological nomenclature (1707-1778)

Carolus Linnaeus

A protein molecule that occurs in red blood cells and binds to oxygen molecules.

hemoglobin

The branch of science concerned with the rules of classifying organisms on the basis of evolutionary relationships. (Carolus LInnaeus)

taxonomy

in eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes

mitosis

English naturalist; defined the terms Genus and species. Genus: a group of closely related organisms. Species: a group of organisms that are structurally similar and can pass these similarities on to their off-spring (capable of mating or breeding to produce fertile offspring).

John Ray

a continuous nonspatial whole or extent or succession in which no part or portion is distinct of distinguishable from adjacent parts

continuum

the practice of breeding plants and animals for desired traits

selective breeding

- Erasmus Darwin and Jean Baptiste Lamarck - the idea that an organism can pass on characteristics that it acquired during its lifetime to its offspring - Individuals lose characteristics they do not require (or use) and develop characteristics that are useful. - Individuals inherit the traits of their ancestors.

inheritance of acquired characteristics or use-disuse theory

recognized the dynamic relationship between the external environment and living forms. (Alteration to the environment, such as climate, were agents of change in species.) "The father of evolutionism". 'origin of species'

Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon | 

Colloquial term for members of the tribe Hominini, which includes all bipedal hominoids back to the divergence with African great apes.

hominins

one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the human, contains genes that will determine the sex of the individual

sex chromosomes

study of the origin, variation, and relationships of language and language groups among human societies

linguistic anthropology

a broad statement of scientific relationships or underlying principles that has been substantially verified through the testing of hypotheses.

theory

having dissimilar alleles at corresponding chromosomal loci

heterozygous

1769-1832, opponent of Lamarck, introduced the concept of extinction to explain the disappearance of animals represented by fossils

georges Cuvier

made up of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins. It also contains organelles

eukaryotic cells

The observable or detectable physical characteristics of an organism; the detectable expressions of genotypes, frequently influenced by environmental factors.

phenotypes

A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses.

RNA

the study of anatomy,structure, and the function of bones

osteology

Augustinian monk and botanist whose experiments in breeding garden peas led to his eventual recognition as founder of the science of genetics (1822-1884)

Gregor Mendel

Millions of years ago which is used by scientists to describe a period of time that occurred during the history of the Earth.

maya

non-sex chromosomes

autosomes

a system for giving each organism a two-word scientific name that consists of the genus name followed by the species name (Carolus Linnaeus)

binomial nomenclature

In genetics, referring to the fact that DNA bases form pairs (base pairs)in a precise manner.

complementary

measurement and study of the human body and its parts and capacities

antherpometry

cell division that produces sex cells with half the number of chromosomes

meiosis

expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein

exons

Large molecules found on the surface of cells. Several different loci govern various antigens on red and white blood cells.

antigens

A cell organelle constructed in the nucleolus and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of rRNA and protein molecules, which make up two subunits

ribosomes

Extremely important regulatory genes that direct development of the overall body plan and body tissue segmentation.

homeobox genes

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

mitochondria

A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code.

codons

refers to a biological continuum - the idea that organisms are related through common ancestry and that traits present in one species are also seen to varying degrees in others. When expressions of a phenomenon continuously grade into one another so that there are no discrete categories, they exist on a continuum. Color is one such phenomenon, and lifeforms are another

biological continuity