Chapters 1-4 Flashcards
Sequences that don’t code for identifiable proteins but in many cases produce molecules that influence the actions of coding sequences
noncoding sequences
stresses that human beings can only be understood by brooding our perspective one time and space. -perspective avoids ethnocentrism
anthropological perspective
the organelle that contains the DNA and controls the process of a cell
nucleus
cultural anthropology, anthropological linguistics, archaeology, biological or physical anthropology, applied anthropology
anthropology sub-fields
the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis also called crossing over
recombination
the view that most of earths geological features are the result of large scale catastrophes such as floods, volcanic eruption
catastrophism
1732-1802
Grandfather of Charles Darwin physician, inventor, natural philosopher, supporter of Lamarck
Erasmus Darwin
genes that influence the activity of other genes
regulatory genes
the mutual interactive evolution of human biology and culture; the concept that biology makes culture possible and that developing culture further influences the direction of biological evolution
bio-cultural evolution
study of disease and injury in skeletons from archeological sites
paleopathology
detailed descriptive studies of human societies in cultural anthropology an ethnography is traditionally the study of a non western society
ethnography’s
relying on experience or observation; not merely theoretical
empirical
descriptive of an allele in a heterozygous individual that appears to be the only one affecting a trait
dominant
the focus within biological anthropology that is concerned with the biology and behavior of non human primates
primatology
the study of skeletal remains from archaeological sites
bioarchaeology
an allele is an alternative form of a gene that is located at a specific position on a specific chromosome
allele
Alleles for one charateristic assort or divide up among the gametes during mieosis independently of other alleles for other characteristics
principle of independent assortment
Basic units of DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases
nucleotides
genetically determined classes of human blood that are based on the presence or absence of carbohydrates A and B on the surface of red blood cells; the phenotypes, also called blood types, are A, B, AB, and O
abo blood group
deoxyribonucleic acid; the genetic material that carries information about an organism and is passed from parent to offspring
DNA
characteristics that are influenced by alleles at only one genetic locus
Mendelian traits
behavioral aspects of human adaptation, including technology, traditions, language, religion, marriage patterns, and social roles. Culture is a set of learned behaviors transmitted from on generation to the next by non biological (that is non genetic)means.
culture
Professional collector responsible for the finds of marine reptiles.
Her work was not respected because she was a woman.
One of the world’s foremost experts on fossils, self taught expert on comparative anatomy.
Discovered the first plesiosaur
Discovered the first complete skeleton of an icthyosaur
Mary Anning
sex cells
gametes
The assembly of chains of amino acids into functional protein molecules
protein synthesis
A type of RNA, synthesized from DNA, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein.
mRNA
a change in the genetic structure of a population. The term is also sometimes used to refer to the appearance of a new species.
evolution
transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome
tRNA
a provisional explanation of a phenomenon. requires verification or falsification through testing.
hypotheses
A method of producing thousands of copies of DNA segment using the enzyme DNA polymerase
polymerase chain reaction
describes a trait or an allele that is expressed only when two recessive alleles for the same characteristic are inherited
recessive
When gametes form, each pair of factors will separate, with one half of the gametes getting one factor and one half of the gametes getting the other factor
principle of segregation
Pertaining to groups of organisms that, mainly because of genetic differences, are prevented from mating and producing offspring with members of other groups. (John Ray)
reproductively isolated
a jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
cytoplasm
Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another.
hormones
The use of anthropological knowledge and methods to solve practical problems, often for a specific client.
applied anthropology
a non-coding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene
introns
A small amount of DNA that is located in the mitochondria of cells. Mitochondrial DNA is inherited only through the mother.
mitochondrial DNA
a series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions
scientific method
the specialization of physical anthropology that investigates the biological evolution of the human species. The study of earlier hominins-their chronology, physical structure, archaeological remains, habitats, and so on.
paleoanthropology
abundant organic components of the human body; contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; perform a variety of essential functions - support, movement, transport, buffering, metabolic regulation, coordination, defense
proteins
the specific site of a particular gene on its chromosome
locus
English economist: Said that population tends to increase more rapidly than food supplies
Thomas Malthus
Evolution resulting from a succession of relatively small genetic variations that often cause the formation of new subspecies.
microevolutionary
threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next
chromosomes
the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo
zygote
to duplicate. The DNA molecule is able to make copies of itself
replicate
the notion that species, once created, can never change; an idea diametrically opposed to theories of biological evolution
fixity of species
the number of offspring an individual produces and rears to reproductive age; an individual’s genetic contribution to the next generation
reproductive success
the process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than other members of the same species
natural selection
how well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment
fitness
1809-1882. English naturalist, eminent collector and geologist, who proposed and provided evidence that all species of life have evolved through process of natural selection. This is the basis of modern evolutionary theory, and, in modified form, his scientific discovery remains as the foundation of biology. Author of “On The Origin Of Species” in 1859.
Charles Darwin
specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells
enzymes
all of the cells in your body except for your sex cells
somatic cells
Also known as biological anthropology. The systematic study of humans as biological organisms.
physical anthropology
group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring
species
The chance distribution of chromosomes to daughter cells during meiosis
random assortment
Formulated theory of uniformitarianism. Leading geologist during Darwin’s time.
Charles Lyell
a principle that geologic processes that occurred in the past can be explained by current geologic processes
Uniformitarianism
Forces in the environment that influence reproductive success in individuals
selective pressures
an organisms genetic makeup or allele combinations
genotype
an applied biological anthropologist concerned with legal issues. frequently focuses on the identification of skeletal material and the cause of death
forensic anthropology
Swedish botanist who proposed the modern system of biological nomenclature (1707-1778)
Carolus Linnaeus
A protein molecule that occurs in red blood cells and binds to oxygen molecules.
hemoglobin
The branch of science concerned with the rules of classifying organisms on the basis of evolutionary relationships. (Carolus LInnaeus)
taxonomy
in eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes
mitosis
English naturalist; defined the terms Genus and species. Genus: a group of closely related organisms. Species: a group of organisms that are structurally similar and can pass these similarities on to their off-spring (capable of mating or breeding to produce fertile offspring).
John Ray
a continuous nonspatial whole or extent or succession in which no part or portion is distinct of distinguishable from adjacent parts
continuum
the practice of breeding plants and animals for desired traits
selective breeding
- Erasmus Darwin and Jean Baptiste Lamarck
- the idea that an organism can pass on characteristics that it acquired during its lifetime to its offspring
- Individuals lose characteristics they do not require (or use) and develop characteristics that are useful.
- Individuals inherit the traits of their ancestors.
inheritance of acquired characteristics or use-disuse theory
recognized the dynamic relationship between the external environment and living forms. (Alteration to the environment, such as climate, were agents of change in species.) “The father of evolutionism”. ‘origin of species’
Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon
Colloquial term for members of the tribe Hominini, which includes all bipedal hominoids back to the divergence with African great apes.
hominins
one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the human, contains genes that will determine the sex of the individual
sex chromosomes
study of the origin, variation, and relationships of language and language groups among human societies
linguistic anthropology
a broad statement of scientific relationships or underlying principles that has been substantially verified through the testing of hypotheses.
theory
having dissimilar alleles at corresponding chromosomal loci
heterozygous
1769-1832, opponent of Lamarck, introduced the concept of extinction to explain the disappearance of animals represented by fossils
georges Cuvier
made up of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins. It also contains organelles
eukaryotic cells
The observable or detectable physical characteristics of an organism; the detectable expressions of genotypes, frequently influenced by environmental factors.
phenotypes
A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses.
RNA
the study of anatomy,structure, and the function of bones
osteology
Augustinian monk and botanist whose experiments in breeding garden peas led to his eventual recognition as founder of the science of genetics (1822-1884)
Gregor Mendel
Millions of years ago which is used by scientists to describe a period of time that occurred during the history of the Earth.
maya
non-sex chromosomes
autosomes
a system for giving each organism a two-word scientific name that consists of the genus name followed by the species name (Carolus Linnaeus)
binomial nomenclature
In genetics, referring to the fact that DNA bases form pairs (base pairs)in a precise manner.
complementary
measurement and study of the human body and its parts and capacities
antherpometry
cell division that produces sex cells with half the number of chromosomes
meiosis
expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein
exons
Large molecules found on the surface of cells. Several different loci govern various antigens on red and white blood cells.
antigens
A cell organelle constructed in the nucleolus and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of rRNA and protein molecules, which make up two subunits
ribosomes
Extremely important regulatory genes that direct development of the overall body plan and body tissue segmentation.
homeobox genes
Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production
mitochondria
A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code.
codons
refers to a biological continuum - the idea that organisms are related through common ancestry and that traits present in one species are also seen to varying degrees in others. When expressions of a phenomenon continuously grade into one another so that there are no discrete categories, they exist on a continuum. Color is one such phenomenon, and lifeforms are another
biological continuity
