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Bio 201 > Chapters 1-4 > Flashcards

Chapters 1-4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Omega-3 : - lipid type? -results

A
  • fatty acid -3rd C. , EPA(increase cardio health and decrease SAT fat build up)+DHA (increase brain functions and development)
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2
Q

Cholesterol: what and how

A

polar head +hydrocarbon tail=mostly hydrophobic there for needs a carrier molecule. -embeds in cell membrane and increases fluidity and phospholipid interactions

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3
Q

what is the basic timeline of evolution of cells?

A

2billion (first org to use O2) –> 1 billion (Euka. appears)

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4
Q

what is the most commonly accepted theory of how complex eularyotic cells evolved from simple prokaryotic cells? proof?

A

endosymbiosis theory : ind. take in other cell and form a symbiotic relationship. - fossils of bacteria like cells–> eukay +multi euka -prokaryotes in hot springs - blue green prokaryote= eukar

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5
Q

protoeuckaryote/archean

A

divide ind (binary fission)+ have double membrane+ make energy+ own DNA

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6
Q

types of bioenergetic work

A

synthetic mechanical heat concentration electrical bioluminescence

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7
Q

Polysaccharide Synthesis

A
  1. stepwise polymerization of sim/indentical monomers 2. condensation rxn/dehydration 3. activated monomer (prior to 2) 4. carrier molec:mon attaches and activates 5. adenosine triphosphate (ATP) used to bind ***macromol are DIRECTIONAL
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8
Q

Hydrolysis

A

monomer is removed and OH- + H+ is added

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9
Q

Self assembly : -structure and formation

A

info that inform Macromo to fold (due to bond formation ) and interact - denaturing(loss of funct and struct) vs. renaturation (return to nat state prior to denature) - molecular chaperones (assisted S.A) : assist+ control polypep formation

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10
Q

Amino Acid - group -> structure

A
  • caboxyl+amino R-group+H+ +R group +alpha carbon -L format only in cells/proteins
  • NH3 : H+ form H-bonds w/H2O
  • >
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11
Q

A

non polar and hydrophobic

–> bond are covalent

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12
Q

A

polar and charged(ion or cation)

–>dissolve in H2O

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13
Q

A

Polar and uncharged

–>electro neg and polar bonds

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14
Q

dehydration/condensation rxn

-mechanism

A
  • carboxyl terminal (CO-) +amino term (HN+H2)==> peptide bond and H20 are formed
  • peptide bond is more rigid then carbon bond
  • carboxyl term is wher new A.A. is added
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15
Q

Conformation

A
  • covalent b/n sulfided==== disulfide bond:oxidation rxn
  • non covalent : h-bonds or ionic bond or v.d.w. forces ( hydrophobic interactions= nonpolar, found in protein folds)
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16
Q

Secondary Structure

A
  • a helix
  • ß sheet (h-bond =intra or inter )

–> parallel or antiparallel sheets

  • a.a groups and carboxil groups interact
17
Q
  • Tertiary Structures
  • proteins
A
  • fibrous protein: ordered and repeative–> extended filaments=bundles
  • globular proteins: folded+compact w/ cofactors

–> domains have specific function

18
Q

Nucleic Acid

A
  • Deoxyribonucleic acid :H sugar
  • Ribonucleic Acid: OH sugar
  • Pyramidines: U/T and C (nucleotide)
  • Purines A and G(nucleotide)
19
Q

RNA Synthesis

A
  1. ) Transcription: gene direct mRNA and polypeptide is created
  2. ) mRNA export: mRNA leaves Nucleus via pore to cytoplasm
  3. ) Translation: ribosome+rRna attach to mRNa and coded info
    - tRNA brings appropriate A.A. base
20
Q

Polysaccharide

-sugars

*carbohydrate

~ disaccharide

A
  • aldosugar: term carboxyl}

{both O2+ electroneg and dissolves}

-ketosugar: internal carboxyl}

* CnH2nOn

~condensation rxn=glycosidic bond (often b/n sugar molec)

21
Q

Lipids :

-are ?

*function

A
  • hydrophobic and amphipathic
  • macromolecules NOT Polymers

* E storage

* Membrane Structure

*Specific Biological functions

22
Q

Lipid examples

A
  1. Fatty acids (COOH end) : saturated(max H+) vs unsaturated(c=c bonds ~through hydrogenation)
  2. Triacyclglycerol/fats :through condensation rxn= less solvent ( glycerol w/ 3 fatty A via ESTER bond)

–> white fat= long term storage, brown fat as bonds break it produces E (heat) used in hybernation

  1. Phospholipids :phosphatidic (amphiphatic terminal) vs sphingolipid

–> phospolipid hydrocarbon tails

  1. Glycolipids: sugar group+ hydrophobic tails +glyceral
  2. Steroids: anabotic (starting pt=illegal ) vs cholesteral(polar head +hydrocarbon tail= hydrophobic)
  3. Terpenes: isoprene=>isoprenoid (ie Vitamin A, retinal, carotenoid pigment)
23
Q

Limitation on Cell size

A
  • optimal range = 20 to 2 um
  • surface area/volume ratio (control amound of material to leave and enter cell at one time== rate determining)
    1. S.A to V ratio (increase cell= ratio decreases)
    2. diffusion of molecules
    3. need for adequate [] reactant and catalyst
24
Q

Keratin monomer?

A

-Amino Acid

25
Q

Water molecules are

A

-cohesive

26
Q

Amino acid structure

A

Bio 201 (4 decks)

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