Chapters 1-4 Flashcards
Omega-3 : - lipid type? -results
- fatty acid -3rd C. , EPA(increase cardio health and decrease SAT fat build up)+DHA (increase brain functions and development)
Cholesterol: what and how
polar head +hydrocarbon tail=mostly hydrophobic there for needs a carrier molecule. -embeds in cell membrane and increases fluidity and phospholipid interactions
what is the basic timeline of evolution of cells?
2billion (first org to use O2) –> 1 billion (Euka. appears)
what is the most commonly accepted theory of how complex eularyotic cells evolved from simple prokaryotic cells? proof?
endosymbiosis theory : ind. take in other cell and form a symbiotic relationship. - fossils of bacteria like cells–> eukay +multi euka -prokaryotes in hot springs - blue green prokaryote= eukar
protoeuckaryote/archean
divide ind (binary fission)+ have double membrane+ make energy+ own DNA
types of bioenergetic work
synthetic mechanical heat concentration electrical bioluminescence
Polysaccharide Synthesis
- stepwise polymerization of sim/indentical monomers 2. condensation rxn/dehydration 3. activated monomer (prior to 2) 4. carrier molec:mon attaches and activates 5. adenosine triphosphate (ATP) used to bind ***macromol are DIRECTIONAL
Hydrolysis
monomer is removed and OH- + H+ is added
Self assembly : -structure and formation
info that inform Macromo to fold (due to bond formation ) and interact - denaturing(loss of funct and struct) vs. renaturation (return to nat state prior to denature) - molecular chaperones (assisted S.A) : assist+ control polypep formation
Amino Acid - group -> structure
dehydration/condensation rxn
-mechanism
- carboxyl terminal (CO-) +amino term (HN+H2)==> peptide bond and H20 are formed
- peptide bond is more rigid then carbon bond
- carboxyl term is wher new A.A. is added
Conformation
- covalent b/n sulfided==== disulfide bond:oxidation rxn
- non covalent : h-bonds or ionic bond or v.d.w. forces ( hydrophobic interactions= nonpolar, found in protein folds)
Secondary Structure
- a helix
- ß sheet (h-bond =intra or inter )
–> parallel or antiparallel sheets
- a.a groups and carboxil groups interact
- Tertiary Structures
- proteins
- fibrous protein: ordered and repeative–> extended filaments=bundles
- globular proteins: folded+compact w/ cofactors
–> domains have specific function
Nucleic Acid
- Deoxyribonucleic acid :H sugar
- Ribonucleic Acid: OH sugar
- Pyramidines: U/T and C (nucleotide)
- Purines A and G(nucleotide)
RNA Synthesis
- ) Transcription: gene direct mRNA and polypeptide is created
- ) mRNA export: mRNA leaves Nucleus via pore to cytoplasm
- ) Translation: ribosome+rRna attach to mRNa and coded info
- tRNA brings appropriate A.A. base
Polysaccharide
-sugars
*carbohydrate
~ disaccharide
- aldosugar: term carboxyl}
{both O2+ electroneg and dissolves}
-ketosugar: internal carboxyl}
* CnH2nOn
~condensation rxn=glycosidic bond (often b/n sugar molec)
Lipids :
-are ?
*function
- hydrophobic and amphipathic
- macromolecules NOT Polymers
* E storage
* Membrane Structure
*Specific Biological functions
Lipid examples
- Fatty acids (COOH end) : saturated(max H+) vs unsaturated(c=c bonds ~through hydrogenation)
- Triacyclglycerol/fats :through condensation rxn= less solvent ( glycerol w/ 3 fatty A via ESTER bond)
–> white fat= long term storage, brown fat as bonds break it produces E (heat) used in hybernation
- Phospholipids :phosphatidic (amphiphatic terminal) vs sphingolipid
–> phospolipid hydrocarbon tails
- Glycolipids: sugar group+ hydrophobic tails +glyceral
- Steroids: anabotic (starting pt=illegal ) vs cholesteral(polar head +hydrocarbon tail= hydrophobic)
- Terpenes: isoprene=>isoprenoid (ie Vitamin A, retinal, carotenoid pigment)
Limitation on Cell size
- optimal range = 20 to 2 um
- surface area/volume ratio (control amound of material to leave and enter cell at one time== rate determining)
1. S.A to V ratio (increase cell= ratio decreases)
2. diffusion of molecules
3. need for adequate [] reactant and catalyst
Keratin monomer?
-Amino Acid
