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PSYC 358 Cognitive Development > Chapters 1-4 > Flashcards

Chapters 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

True or False: According to the dynamic systems approach, development occurs over time due to unidirectional, interactions among systems and is linear

A

FALSE

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2
Q

Someone who believes that development is_____ would, for example, expect a child who is a good reader for their level, to also be able to remember certain history facts (grade appropriate)

A

DOMAIN GENERAL

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3
Q

WHO said ‘ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny’?

A

G.S. Hall

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4
Q

Which of the following is NOT one of the features of an apprenticeship?

A

ELABORATION

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5
Q

What are the domains of HD ?

A

Physical, Social, Emotional, AND COGNITIVE

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6
Q

What is Cognitive development all about?

A

The changes which occur to a person’s KNOWLEDGE, ABILITY, AND FUNCTIONS over the lifespan

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7
Q

The information we store influences…?

A

what we attend to, PERCEIVE, Learn, Remember, & Feel

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8
Q

Macromechanisms are…? Give an example.

A

Higher order conscious- Ex: decision making; AWARE that we’re doing them; consciously making a decision

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9
Q

Micromechanisms are…? Give an example.

A

Basic, not consciously aware.

Ex: classifying stimuli; Blinking

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10
Q

What are the Assumptions of Cognitive psychology?

A
  • Mental processes exist

- People actively process information

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11
Q

How does cognitive development occur?

A
  1. Qualitative differences vs. Quantitative
  2. Nature vs. Nurture
  3. Stability vs. Plasticity (room for growth)
  4. Dynamic systems approach
  5. Nonlinear
  6. Self Organization
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12
Q

Development has what type of relationship between STRUCTURE & FUNCTION ?

A

A RECIPROCAL relationship between structure & function.

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13
Q

Domain General Development ? Give an example

A

simultaneous development in Multiple areas.

Child’s language on PAR with problem solving skills

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14
Q

Occurs at different rates in different areas?

AND give an example of this

A

Domain Specific

Example: Child can be great at MATH but NOT English

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15
Q

Representation is…?

A

Aka Mental Encoding. The way we think of things mentally (the beach). It differs from our earlier levels of cognition to our current level

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16
Q

Strategies are…?

A

An approach to attaining a goal (to keep memories; goal to remember, attain a memory for a long time)

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17
Q

From a sociocultural perspective what influences Cognitive development?

A

Social & Cultural environment influences

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18
Q

What are the 4 Levels of development of the Sociocultural perspective & describe

A
  1. Ontogeny- lifetime
  2. Microgenetic- brief periods
  3. Phylogeny (“Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny”)- Evolution
  4. Socio-historical- impact of the history of a culture
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19
Q

Which domains of development does Lev believe are not isolated from one another?

A

Biological & Social Development

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20
Q

What has a dramatic impact on cognitive development?

A

Social interaction

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21
Q

Challenging tasks promote?

A

Maximum growth

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22
Q

What is ZPD? (zone of proximal development)

A

range of tasks children cant perform independently, but can with help.
where instruction is in place to enhance new cognitive growth

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23
Q

Zone of current development (ZCD) ?

A

What can be done INDEPENDENTLY

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24
Q

More knowledgeable other (MKO) helps learner?

A

Helps learner accomplish ZPD tasks

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25
Q

Scaffolding…?

A

MKO enables child to perform tasks in her ZPD today, he will be able to do independently tomorrow. as competence increases, less guidance provided

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26
Q

support during scaffolding include…?

A

Clues, directions, examples

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27
Q

What is PERECEPTION?

A

Basic processing of sensory information

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28
Q

How is perception related to Cognition?

A

-We need perception to give meaning to ‘messy’ sensory input

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29
Q

According to perceptual development in infancy, there is a 2 way relationship between ?

A

PERCEPTION & COGNITION

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30
Q

How we perceive affects how we think AND…?

A

How we think affects what we perceive

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31
Q

Explain Preference when regarding infant perception?

A

Preference for one stimulus implies the ability to discriminate & that the preferred one is more salient

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32
Q

What is Habituation?

A

shown something over & over that you get use to which leads to not much excitement as initial greet. Present one stimulus until infant habituates, then replace with novel stimulus.

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33
Q

Dishabituation?

A

implies ability to discriminate

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34
Q

Name various techniques used regarding infant perception?

A

Non nutritive sucking
Looking
Physiological reaction

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35
Q

How much vision is present in an infant at birth?

AND what are they able to do with that amount of vision?

A

1/3 of adult level

*Follow movement

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36
Q

Describe vision Accommodation

A

ability to bring a particular object into focus at any distance

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37
Q

What is ACUITY ?

A

ability to detect fine detail

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38
Q

At what age will the infant acquire 20/20 vision?

A

11 months

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39
Q

Audition is…?

A

newborns auditory threshold is 10-20 decibels Higher than adults

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40
Q

Infants prefer what type of sounds?

A

Sounds they heard in the womb

41
Q

Do infants prefer high or low frequency sounds?

A

HIGH

42
Q

At what age can infants differentiate phonemes at?

A

one month

43
Q

When can infants recognize familiar sound patterns?

A

around 4.5 months

44
Q

Intermodal Integration is…?

A

Using information from one sensory modality to guide our exploration of another

45
Q

Explain the characteristics of SIGHT?

A
  • sound relations
  • Temporal Synchrony (detect something is wrong)
  • Face/Voice (emotion, sex, mouth movement)
  • distinguish & determine emotion; wants the emotion to MATCH face & mouth movement
46
Q

Cross Modal Matching…?

A

learn about an object in one modality, recognize it in another (touch to observe)

47
Q

In cross modal matching, What happens at 9 months ?

A

Sight & Touch

48
Q

Object Representation…?

A

understanding the nature of objects (basic) (people can be objects as well)

49
Q

Constancy…?

A

Knowing objects REMAIN even when viewpoint changes

50
Q

Continuity…?

A

Individual objects are seen as cohesive

51
Q

Object permanence…?

A

Knowing ‘Hidden’ objects/people still exist

52
Q

Knowledge of People & Actions?

A

RECIPROCITY

53
Q

Ordinality…?

A

a basic understanding of ‘more than’ or ‘less than’

54
Q

Give an example of what a 10 month old is able to display regarding representations of numbers & quantities

A

Can distinguish between 2 boxes containing different amounts of crackers

55
Q

At what age can infants tell the difference between arrays (line-up/organization), but ratio must be relatively large?

A

6 month

56
Q

What is COGNITION?

A

changes which occur to a person’s cognitive structures (knowledge, memory, ability) & functions
Ex: 5 yr old singing & playing guitar

57
Q

Cognition is a reflection of …?

A

The Mind

58
Q

Development is ?

A

Changes in structure or functions over time

59
Q

How is cognition measured?

A

it can not be measured directly.

60
Q

What KINDS of activities does cognition include ?

A

develop a plan to solve a problem
EXECUTE that plan
Evaluate the success of the plan
Make modifications as needed

61
Q

Development is :

A

Ontongeny; refers to changes in function

62
Q

Structure is used for : 2 different way

A
  • Hypothetical construction. Ability that changes w/age. like a mental dictionary
  • Mental organization that allows children to place objects in arrays; like shortest to tallest
63
Q

Describe what FUNCTION is

A

Action related to a structure

-functions are limited to the actions that structures are able to perform

64
Q

Give an example of a FUNCTION

A

active toddler with greater # of OUTSIDE experiences vs. Less active child.
*These experiences will affect the child’s developing intellect (STRUCTURE) which will affect child’s actions (FUNCTION)

65
Q

What PROMOTES changes in the Structures themselves?

What theorist used a reflection of this?

A
  • The FUNCTIONING of mental STRUCTURES

- Jean Piaget

66
Q

NATIVIST is :

A

protecting the interests of native-born

67
Q

What is QUALITATIVE mean according Cognitive development ?

A

More in Detail, STRAIGHT forward & linear; Predictable

68
Q

Quantitative ?

A

More statistics; NUMERICAL, NOT predictable

69
Q

Explain what NATURE is :

A

Anything inherited; Biology, genetic.

Intelligence is an expression of one’s genes & would be constant over one’s lifetime

70
Q

Explain what NURTURE is :

A

Change due to EXPERIENCE

71
Q

Explain STABILITY?

A

Where children maintain their same relative rank of cognition order over time compared with their peers

72
Q

Plasticity :

A

can be shaped by experience

73
Q

Dynamic Systems Approach:

A

Changes occur over time due to Bidirectional, continuous interaction among systems, and is NON linear

74
Q

What is Bidirectional?

A

Interactions that occur among systems

75
Q

The process of change in gene frequencies w/in populations over many generations produces new species if referring to ?

A

EVOLUTION

76
Q

Explain SPECIES ?

A
  • a key term that Charles Darwin addressed in his book “On the Origin of Species”
  • Members of the species ALL have diff combos of traits
77
Q

Conditions of environment for a particular species ALL have diff combos of inherited traits is called….

A

NATURAL SELECTION

78
Q

Describe what Biologically Primary Abilities are ?

A
  • cognitive abilities selected over course of evolution; such as LANGUAGE
  • Abilities are acquired UNIVERSALLY
  • Children typically have high motivation to perform them
79
Q

Skills that build on these primary abilities BUT depend on cultural inventions; like READING.

A

Biologically secondary abilities

80
Q

What is developmental cognitive neuroscience ?

A

Psychological explanation with Biological factors.

81
Q

What is behavior genetics ?

A

study of genetic effects on BEHAVIOR & psychological characteristics; LIKE intelligence & personality

82
Q

How do Neurons communicate with each other ?

A
  • Through the BRAIN & the Nervous system at large

- through electrical & chemical signals

83
Q

At birth the human brain is what percentage of its adult weight?

A

25 percent

84
Q

What are synapses?

A

Small spaces between dendrites where messages are passed.

-They are formed from EXPERIENCE

85
Q

Proliferation is ?

And when does it occur ?

A

process of cell division by MITOSIS

-occurs early in development, during PRENATAL period

86
Q

How many stages of development do neurons go through ?

What are they ?

A

3; Proliferation, Migration & Differentiation

87
Q

Explain what MYELINATION is?

A
  • neurons coated with fatty tissue that result in FASTER transfer of signals &
  • reduce interference from other neurons
88
Q

Neocortex consists of 2 hemispheres connected by a thick mass of nerves called :

A

CORUPUS CALLOSUM

89
Q

What is brain plasticity ?

A

Ability to change & potential outcomes for a single neuron or bundles or larger area

90
Q

What happens to the plasticity needed to form new synapses with age?

A

it declines BUT does not disappear

91
Q

SocioCultural perspective is

A

Where social & cultural environment influence cognitive development

92
Q

How does Vygotsky’s perspective differ from Piaget ?

A

Vygotsky clams that human cognition is socio cultural & the course of intellectual growth is not universal

93
Q

What is Ontogeny ?

A

development of the individual over their lifetime

94
Q

Microgenetic is

A

changes that occur over brief periods of time, ADDING to your knowledge
example: changes in child solving addition problems over weeks or practice

95
Q

Phylogeny is

A

changes over evolutionary time

96
Q

What does Vygotsky say regarding evolutionary psychology perspective ?

A

understanding species’ history can provide insight on child development

97
Q

Socio historical is

A

changes that occurred in one’s culture & the values, norms, & technologies that a history generated

98
Q

What is apprenticeship ?

A
  • training a child in adult tasks

- use of tools: physical, intellectual, conceptual like speech, writing etc

PSYC 358 Cognitive Development (1 decks)

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