Chapters 1 - 4 Flashcards
Metabolism
The sum of all chemical reactions in the body
Catabolism
breaking substances down (releases energy)
Anabolism
Building complex substances from simple substances (uses energy)
Mass
amount of matter a substance contains
Energy
capacity to do work or put matter into motion
Kinetic energy
Energy of motion
Potential energy
stored energy
Proton
Positively charged molecule (p+)
Neutron
Neutral molecule (n0)
Electron
Negatively charged molecule(e-)
Nucleus
mass of neutrons and protons in the center of the electron cloud
Valence Shell
outermost shell of electrons around an atom
Atomic Number
Protons - also electrons
Atomic weight - Atomic number
Neutrons
Isotopes
Change in NEUTRONS
How do you get an Ion?
Change in ELECTRONS
Types of ions
Cations and Anions
Which is positive and negative with cations and anions?
Cations = Positive (cats have paws)
Anions = Negative (onions/anions are bad/negative)
Which subatomic particle is responsible for the identification of an element?
The proton
Are ionic bonds weak or strong?
Weak
Are covalent bonds weak or strong?
Strong
What is a hydrogen bond?
Where Hydrogen is covalently bonded to Nitrogen, oxygen, or Flourine
What is an ionic bond?
When molecules gain or lose electrons to another
What is a covalent bond?
When molecules share electrons
Inorganic molecules contain ___
Carbon or Hydrogen (but NOT both)
Most important inorganic molecule?
WATER - prevents sudden change in temp, dissolves things
What are the four types of organic molecules?
Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, and Carbohydrates
If a number is higher on the pH scale, is it more acidic or more basic?
BASIC
Which are the donors and acceptors with Acids and Bases?
Acids: proton DONOR (H+)
Bases: proton ACCEPTOR (OH-)
What is the monomer and polymer of a carbohydrate?
Monomer: monosaccharides (glucose + fructose)
Polymer: Polysaccharides (maltose + glycogen + cellulose + starch)
What is the function of a carbohydrate?
Energy + structural support
What elements are Lipids?
Carbon, Hydrogen, some Oxygen
What are the monomer and polymers of a lipid?
Monomer: Fatty acid and Cholesterol
Polymer: Fats (triglycerides, phospholipids)
What is the function of a lipid?
Energy + structural support + messengers + protection + insulation
What are the elements of proteins?
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen and Nitrogen (CHON)
What are the monomers and Polymers of a protein?
Monomer: Amino acid (20 types)
Polymer: polypeptides(over 2 million)
What is the function of protein?
Structural + enzymatic + regulatory
What are the elements of nucleic acids?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus(CHONP)
What are the monomer and polymers of nucleic acids?
Monomer: Nucleotides (5 carbon + phosphate + nitrogenous base)
Polymer: DNA and RNA
What is the function of nucleic acids?
DNA - store genetic info
RNA - function in protein synthesis
What are the 3 main parts of a Eukaryotic cell?
Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm, Nucleus
What is ATP?
Adenosine Triphosphate - a molecule that stores and provides energy for cells in ALL living organisms
What are the two types of transport?
Passive and active
What is Tonicity?
The ability of a solution to make water move in or out of a cell, affecting its size and shape.
Types of tonicity?
Hypotonic, Isotonic, Hypertonic
What are the 3 types of cellular junctions?
Tight junction, Desmosomes, Gap junctions
When does transcription happen?
When you turn DNA to RNA
When does translation happen?
When you turn RNA into Protein
What are the three types of membranes?
Mucous, serous, and cutaneous
What is a protein molecule that acts as a catalyst?
Enzyme
What is an enzyme?
A protein molecule that acts as a catalyst
