Chapters 1-4

Question 1

Ethology

Answer 1

Study of animal behavior.

Question 2

Ecology

Answer 2

Study of an organism’s interactions with their physical and biological environment and how that shapes their distribution and abundance.

Question 3

Konrad Lorenz

Answer 3

Instinctive behavior (imprinting)

Question 4

Karl von Frisch

Answer 4

Sensory Perception of Honeybee

Question 5

Nikolaas Tinbergan

Answer 5

Social Behavior

Question 6

What is behavior?

Answer 6

The coordinated responses of a whole living organism to internal/external stimuli.

Question 7

Proximate Questions center on…

Answer 7

1. Causation/Mechanism - what immediate stimuli elicit behavior.
2. Ontogeny - Development

Question 8

Ultimate questions center on…

Answer 8

3. Adaptation - survival function, how does behavior affect survival/reproduction
4. Phylogeny/Evolutionary history

Question 9

Individual Learning

Answer 9

Can alter the frequency of behaviors; experience.

Question 10

Cultural Transmission

Answer 10

Learn from others via social learning.

Question 11

Conceptual Approach

Answer 11

Integrating unconnected ideas. Example = kin selection.

Question 12

Theoretical Approach

Answer 12

Entails the generation of some sort of mathematical model.

Question 13

Empirical

Answer 13

Collect data via experimentation and observation.

Question 14

Variation is caused by…

Answer 14

Mutation, genetic recombination, migration.

Question 15

Parsimony

Answer 15

Occam’s Razor, simplest is true.

Question 16

Proximate Factors of Behavior

Answer 16

Hormone - chemically produced by cells in body and circulate through bloodstream, fluid in tissues to produce one or more functions.
Endocrine system = communication network
Endocrine glands = hormone synthesis and secretion.

Question 17

Hormone/Receptor

Answer 17

Lock/key - relationship is put into play when hormones reach target cells.

Question 18

Neurohormones

Answer 18

Can be released into the blood via neurons.

Question 19

Oxytocin

Answer 19

Increase in the blood of pregnant mammals before birth. Allows contractions of uterus and expels placenta, stimulates secretion of milk.

Question 20

Vasopressin (Antidiuretic hormone/ADH)

Answer 20

Retain water in the body and constrict blood vessels, acts by increasing water absorption in the collecting ducts of the kidney nephron.

Question 21

Cortisol

Answer 21

Steroid hormone - released in response to stress and a low level of blood glucocorticoids. Functions: increase blood sugar, suppress immune system, aid in fat, protein, and carb metabolism. Decreases blood formation, can treat disease.

Question 22

Molecular Level

Answer 22

Once a hormone reaches a cell and bonds with receptors, a series of interactions occur that affect the expression of genes and the synthesis of proteins.

Question 23

Environmental Stimuli

Answer 23

Three interactive systems
1. input system made up of sensory systems.
2. central processor made up of integrators that process sensory information.
3. Output systems-effectors like muscles that move when stimulated.

Question 24

What hormones do is change the probability of what?

Answer 24

Change the probability that a specific sensory input leads to a specific output.

Question 25

Hormonal Feedback

Answer 25

Hormonal changes might modify ongoing behavior or trigger onset of behavior. Might prime animals to be more/less likely to act in a specific environment.

Question 26

Intrauterine Position

Answer 26

Positioning of mouse baby leads to more or less testosterone, leading sometimes to aggressive or more sterility.

Question 27

Fight or Flight Response

Answer 27

Hypothalamus responds to predator -
1. Adrenal glands secrete epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine which lead to quick and large increase of blood sugar and oxygen to vital organs (brain skeletal heart).
2. Responsive Reaction Chain - Hypothalamus release CRH, GHRH, and TRH, which stimulate adrenal gland to secrete cortisol and flee.

Question 28

Octopamine

Answer 28

Involved in foraging behavior in honeybees Modulate learning and memory, foraging bees have higher levels of this.

Question 29

Endocrine Limitations

Answer 29

Takes from minutes to hours to respond, while nervous system takes seconds.

Question 30

What occurs to cause a response (nervous system)?

Answer 30

The stimuli have to exceed the nerve cells threshold, which is a function of the amount of change in the voltage across a neuron’s membrane.

Question 31

Worker Butting

Answer 31

When a queen dies in termites or wasps and causes increased aggression in workers.

Question 32

Mendal’s Laws of Inheritance

Answer 32

Dominance - allele that is displayed when two are paired.
Segregation - two copies of a gene segregate from each other during the transmission from parent to offspring.
Independent Assortment - Alleles of dif. genes assort independently of each other during gamete formation if unlinked loci.

Question 33

Locus

Answer 33

Site on a chromosome or the gene that occupies the site.

Question 34

Haplotype

Answer 34

One of the sequences of a gene or DNA segment that can be distinguished from homologous sequences by molecular methods such as DNA sequencing.

Question 35

Quantitative Trait Loci

Answer 35

Set of genes that contribute a small amount to the expression of the trait of interest.