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Sociology > Chapters 1-4 > Flashcards

Chapters 1-4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Because ____ is ____, it ignores facts that challenge cherished beliefs

A

Common sense; subjective

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2
Q

Sociologist C. Wright Mills’s concept of ____ emphasizes the connection between personal troubles and structural issues

A

Sociological imagination

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3
Q

A sociologist is conducting a study on a small group of formerly middle-class individuals who are now best described as working poor. If the sociologist uses C. Wright Mills’s understanding of the sociological imagination, they will understand this as a function of how

A

Individual troubles can be caused by structural issues

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4
Q

Thomas is conducting a study on work patterns. If he is using a micro sociological approach, he might study

A

How individuals interact with others at work

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5
Q

Jennifer is studying welfare policies. If she adopts a macrosociological perspective, she may study

A

Whether changes in policies affect childhood poverty rates

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6
Q

According to Ritzer, why is sociology a powerful tool in understanding people’s behavior and society at large?

A

Because it involves examining micro, macro, and micro-macro forces

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7
Q

According to the text, one of sociology’s central themes is

A

Recognizing and understanding diversity

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8
Q

Critical sociological thinking involves

A

Examining popular and unpopular beliefs

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9
Q

Sociology is valuable in applied, clinical, and policy settings because

A

Understanding society is necessary to producing social change

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10
Q

According to sociologist James White, what best describes theories?

A

Theories are tools that may need replacing as our understanding becomes more sophisticated

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11
Q

____ are aspects of social life, external to the individual, that can be measured

A

Social facts

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12
Q

Maternal facts are to ____ as nonmaternal facts are to _____

A

Demographic characteristics; observation of interactions

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13
Q

____ include collective behavior and social movements

A

Social currents

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14
Q

According to Durkheim, as the division of labor becomes more specialized

A

People become increasingly dependent on others for specific goods and services

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15
Q

Unlike her predecessors and contemporaries, Marx maintained that

A

Economic issues produce divisiveness rather than social solidarity

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16
Q

In ____, a social scientists observes a person’s facial expressions and gestures, and listens to the person’s words

A

Direct observational understanding

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17
Q

Matt notices Julie laughing in the school hallway with a friend. Matt knows that Julie probably just heard a joke or saw something funny in the hallway. Matt is using Max Weber’s

A

Explanatory understanding

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18
Q

According to the text, theories ___ over time because of ____

A

Evolve; cultural and technological changes

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19
Q

Durkheim relied on extensive data collection to draw conclusions about the relationship between

A

Social integration and suicide

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20
Q

Unlike Augusta Comte, Émile Durkheim

A

Not only acknowledged the importance of scientific methods to study society but also used them

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21
Q

To what did Du Bois attribute to the “color line”?

A

Ignorance

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22
Q

Which statement is most consistent with functionalist theory?

A

Society is a complex system of interdependent parts that work together to ensure a society’s survival

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23
Q

____ are intended and recognized; they’re present and clearly evident

A

Manifest functions

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24
Q

Which of the following statements is true of conflict theory?

A

It only examines how and why groups disagree, struggle over power, and compete for scarce resources

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25
Q

Which of the following is a criticism of feminist theories?

A

They often overlook gender, social class, and generational gaps in how issues are viewed

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26
Q

Symbolic interaction theory is commonly criticized because

A

It overlooks the widespread impact of macro-level factors on our everyday behavior and relationships

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27
Q

One of the criticisms of conflict theory is that it

A

Overemphasizes competition and coercion at the expense of order and stability

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28
Q

Which theory provides both macro and micro level analyses?

A

Feminist

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29
Q

Postmodern theory analyzes

A

Contemporary society characterized by postindustrialization

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30
Q

____ are unintended and unrecognized; they’re present but not immediately obvious

A

Latent functions

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31
Q

Define sociology

A

The scientific study of human behavior in society

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32
Q

Define theory

A

A set of statements that explains why a phenomenon occurs

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33
Q

Define empirical

A

Information that is based on observations, experiments, or other data collection rather than on ideology, religion, intuition, or conventional wisdom

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34
Q

Define social solidarity

A

Social cohesiveness and harmony

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35
Q

Define value-free

A

Separating one’s personal values, opinions, ideology, and beliefs from scientific research

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36
Q

Define social statistics

A

Investigates how principles of social order explain a particular society, as well as the interconnections between institutions

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37
Q

Define social dynamics

A

Explores how individuals and societies change over time

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38
Q

Define dysfunctions

A

Social patterns that have a negative impact on a group/society

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39
Q

Define social interaction

A

A process where people take each other into account in their own behavior

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40
Q

Define symbols

A

Words, gestures, or pictures that stand for something and that can have different meanings for different individuals

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41
Q

Much of our knowledge is based on ____, a handing down of statements, beliefs, and customers from generation to generation

A

Tradition

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42
Q

Which of the following is an example of tradition?

A

Jane throws the bouquet at her wedding as it is a custom that her family follows

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43
Q

A common source of knowledge is _____, a socially accepted source of information that includes “experts,” parents, government officials, police, judges, and religious leaders.

A

Authority

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44
Q

Which of the following is an example of knowledge based on authority?

A

Jack eats five almonds every day as his mother says that they are good for his health

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45
Q

Knowledge based on tradition and authority simplifies our lives because it

A

Provides us with basic rules about socially and legally acceptable behavior

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46
Q

Which of the following is true of knowledge based on tradition and authority

A

It can be misleading or wrong

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47
Q

Confirmation bias refers to

A

A tendency to embrace information that confirms our beliefs

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48
Q

When sociological research results are used to argue against deliberate falsehoods spread by politicians and special interest groups, the research is being used to

A

Counteract misinformation

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49
Q

Knowledge based on tradition is to ___ as knowledge based on the scientific method is to ___

A

Custom; research

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50
Q

Chris measures the attitudes, behaviors, ethnicity, age, and social class of his neighbors as part of his project. These are examples of

A

Variables

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51
Q

Which of the following is true of the relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable?

A

An independent variable is a characteristic that has an effect on the dependent variable, the outcome

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52
Q

Amondi wants to investigate whether sitting at the front of the classroom leads to better grades for students. In this case, whether or not students sit at the front of the classroom is the _____

A

Independent variable

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53
Q

Dove is a sociologist who uses the perspective of labeling theory—that how we label other people (for example, as being bad or dangerous) affects how we treat those people and even how they think of themselves. Using labeling theory, Dove hypothesizes that when politicians and pundits refer to immigrants from certain nations as “dirty,” public animosity to those immigrants will increase. Dove is using

A

Deductive reasoning

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54
Q

____ is an inquiry process that begins with a specific observation, followed by data collection, a conclusion about patterns or regularities, and the formulation of hypotheses that can lead to theory construction

A

Inductive reasoning (definition term)

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55
Q

Li, a sociologist, is studying how people respond when a stranger asks them for help. Li is taking videos of the interactions, and two colleagues watch the videos and rate the interactions using a standardized set of criteria. Li wants to make sure that the rating scale will yield similar scores no matter who is observing the interaction, and also yield similar scores when the same interaction is viewed and rated twice. Li is concerned with the _____ of this measure

A

Reliability

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56
Q

Kyra wants to carry out research to study depression in teenage students. She randomly chooses 200 teenage students from a local high school to be part of her study. Which of the following sampling methods is used by Kyra to carry out her research?

A

Probability sampling

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57
Q

Who is most likely to study a sample rather than a population?

A

Stanford, who is studying men experiencing homelessness and substance misuse disorders

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58
Q

Donna is interested in the relationship between age and political affiliation. She is collecting data from a large group of people of different ages and will only collect data once. Donna is best described as collecting

A

Cross-sectional data

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59
Q

Kumiko observes that students who use laptops and e-learning tools secure the highest grades. She conducts a research study to determine whether this observation is true. Which of the following types of reasoning does Kumiko use to construct her theory?

A

Inductive reasoning

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60
Q

Murray outlines his sampling technique, the sample size, and the characteristics of the respondents in his research. According to the steps in the scientific method, Murray is

A

Describing the data collection methods used in his research

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61
Q

Peter is sending out questionnaires via email to all 17,000 students on campus to gather data about their eating habits. Peter is conducting _____ and, because of the method he is using, _____

A

Survey research; he is likely to have a sample that is representative of the student population

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62
Q

With ____, an interviewer uses a computer to select random telephone numbers, reads the questions to a respondent from a computer screen, and then enters the answers in pre-coded spaces, saving time and expense by not having to reenter the data after the interview

A

Computer-assisted telephone interviewing

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63
Q

Structured interviews use ___, whereas unstructured interviews use ___

A

Close-ended questions; open-ended questions

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64
Q

Which of the following is a major limitation of surveys that use mailed questionnaires?

A

They have low response rates

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65
Q

In ____, sociologist collect data by systematically observing people in their natural surroundings

A

Field research

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66
Q

Karan, a sociologist, examines how men and women are portrayed in advertisements in different types of magazines (e.g., sports, fashion, news, general interest). Karan is best described as using

A

Content analysis

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67
Q

One of the strengths of experiments is that

A

They can be replicated many times with different participants

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68
Q

Which of the following is a limitation of secondary data analysis?

A

Determining the accuracy and authenticity of historical data may be difficult

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69
Q

Every 10 years, the U.S. Census Bureau mails forms to every home in the United States to collect federally mandated data and conducts in-person interviews for persons who do not have mailing addresses. Which of the following data collection methods is used by the Census Bureau?

A

Survey research

70
Q

Ethical violations are most common when

A

Research is funded by for-profit companies and organizations

71
Q

Define research methods

A

Organized and systematic procedures to gain knowledge about a particular topic

72
Q

Define scientific method

A

A body of objective and systematic techniques used to investigate phenomena, acquire knowledge, and test hypotheses and theories

73
Q

Define concept

A

An abstract idea, mental image, or general notion that represents some aspect of the world

74
Q

Define deductive reasoning

A

Begins with a theory, prediction, or general principle that is tested through data collection

75
Q

Reliability

A

The consistency with which the same measure produces similar results time after time

76
Q

Validity

A

The degree to which a measure is accurate and really measures what it claims to measure

77
Q

Define causation

A

A relationship in which one variable is a direct consequence of another

78
Q

Define correlation

A

The relationship between two or more variables

79
Q

Longitudinal data

A

Collected at two or more points in time from the same or different samples of respondents

80
Q

Define social desirability bias

A

The tendency of respondents to give the answer that they think they “should” give or that will cast them in a favorable light

81
Q

Define participant observation

A

Researchers interact with the people they’re studying; they may/may not reveal themselves as researchers

82
Q

Define non participant observation

A

Researchers study phenomena without being a part of the situation

83
Q

Social interventions

A

Typically programs and strategies that seek to prevent or change negative outcomes

84
Q

Culture allows us to make assumptions about how other people will behave. This illustrates the idea that culture is

A

Shared

85
Q

Kamala has definite ideas about the proper desserts to be served at holiday dinners because she learned from her mother, who learned from her mother and so on. This suggests that culture is

A

Transmitted from one generation to the next

86
Q

Which of the following is true of nonmaterial culture

A

It consists of the ideas that people create to interpret and understand the world

87
Q

Madeline, age 78, asserts that sex outside marriage is unacceptable. Her daughter, Simone, asserts that sex outside marriage is fine as long as the individuals are in a committed relationship. Simone’s daughter, Alex, asserts that sex between consenting adults is fine, regardless of whether they are in a committed relationship or married or have even known each other long. This suggests that culture is

A

Adaptive and always changing

88
Q

A symbol _____ and has a(n) _____

A

Stands for something else; particular, shared meaning

89
Q

____ is best described as a system of shared symbols that _____

A

Language; enables people to communicate with one another

90
Q

When natural disasters strike the country, many Americans are enormously generous. At the same time, people often take a harsh and disparaging view of those who receive government assistance, asserting that if they applied themselves, they would be financially secure. The first example is consistent with the American value of _____, whereas the second is consistent with the American value of _____

A

Humanitarianism; activity and work

91
Q

When Laurie walks into class 15 minutes late, several of her classmates look away, and the professor pauses and glares at her. Sociologists would say that Laurie has been

A

Sanctioned

92
Q

An example of a behavior that is considered taboo in much of U.S. society is

A

Having sexual relations with a sibling

93
Q

While ____ are formally defined, ____ are often more informal

A

Laws; folkways

94
Q

Identify the practice that illustrates a cultural universal

A

Taking medicines when sick

95
Q

In what way is ethnocentrism functional?

A

It reinforces conformity and maintains stability

96
Q

___ is the belief that no culture is better than another and that cultures should be judge by their own standards

A

Cultural relativism

97
Q

Lisa asserts that she is proud of her own culture and notes that it is superior to other cultures in many ways. Her classmate, Melanie, however, believes that all cultures are equal and have their own worth. Given this scenario, it can be said that Lisa espouses _____, whereas Melanie espouses _____.

A

Ethnocentrism; cultural relativism

98
Q

A disadvantage of ____ is that it ___

A

Ethnocentrism; thwarts intergroup understanding and cooperation

99
Q

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the ideal culture?

A

It comprises the beliefs, values, and norms that people say they hold or follow

100
Q

Robin and Alayna are serious fans of the local professional football team. When the team plays, they dress in team colors and host parties for fellow fans to watch the game on their 55-inch curved-screen UHD TV. When their team wins, they celebrate, and when their team loses, they still find a good player or play to celebrate. The rest of the week, they lead normal lives, although everyone knows they are rabid fans. Robin and Alayna are best described as part of a

A

Subculture

101
Q

Jack, an American, relocates to Japan for an assignment and struggles to get used to the food, language, and cultural norms. Which of the following terms can be used to describe Jack’s initial state of disorientation?

A

Culture shock

102
Q

We all have internalized cultural norms and values. Thus, to some degree, we are all

A

Cultural bound

103
Q

High culture is to ___ as popular culture is to ____

A

The highest social class; the population as a whole

104
Q

How does high culture differ from popular culture?

A

High culture is the cultural expression of a society’s highest social classes, whereas popular culture is widespread among a population

105
Q

____ are forms of communication designed to ____

A

Mass media; reach large numbers of people

106
Q

Which of the following is a criticism of U.S. cultural imperialism?

A

It displaces authentic local culture

107
Q

Carmen and her family moved to the United States from Mexico when she was 6 years old. At home, Carmen and her family speak Spanish and celebrate Mexican holidays. However, Carmen speaks English in school and participates in American sports during the weekends. This scenario is an example of

A

Cultural integration

108
Q

The United States has, along with multiple other countries, engaged in sanctions against North Korea in an effort to deter their production of nuclear weapons. In terms of factors that produce cultural change, this is an example of

A

External pressure

109
Q

Cultural lag

A

Can create confusion about what is right and wrong

110
Q

Which of the following is a belief of conflict theorists?

A

Culture benefits some groups more than others

111
Q

Matthew comes from a very wealthy family. Despite having poor grades in high school, he was granted admission to a prestigious university based on his family name. Which of the following sociological perspectives is best supported by this scenario?

A

Conflict theory

112
Q

Moira notes that as a lesbian of color, she must deal with being an ethnic minority, being a woman, and being a lesbian. Which type of theorist is most likely to address such intersectionality of gender, race, and sexual orientation?

A

Feminist

113
Q

Maria, a sociologist, studies how people develop, maintain, and change culture. She is interested in the influences of culture in people’s daily lives and studies the role that language, religion, and gender play in society. Which of the following theories is likely to have influenced Maria?

A

Symbolic interactionism

114
Q

Define material culture

A

Physical objects that people make, use, and share

115
Q

Define nonmaterial culture

A

The ideas that people create to interpret and understand the world

116
Q

Define folkways

A

Norms that involve everyday customs, practices, and interaction

117
Q

Define mores

A

Norms that people consider very important because they maintain moral and ethical behavior

118
Q

Define laws

A

Formally defined norms about what is legal or illegal

119
Q

Define values

A

Provide general guidelines for behavior

120
Q

Define norms

A

Specific rules of right and wrong behavior

121
Q

Define ethnocentrism

A

The belief that one’s culture, society, or group is inherently superior to others

122
Q

Define counterculture

A

A group within a society that openly opposes/rejects some of the dominant culture’s norms, values, or laws

123
Q

Define multiculturalism

A

Refers to the coexistence of several cultures in the same geographical area, without one dominating the other

124
Q

Define cultural capital

A

Resources and assets that give a group an advantage

125
Q

Define functionalism

A

Maintains that society is a complex system of interdependent parts that work together to ensure a society’s survival

126
Q

Define conflict theory

A

Examines how and why groups disagree, struggle over power, and compete for scarce resources

127
Q

Define feminist theories

A

Examine women’s social economic and political inequality

128
Q

Define social interaction theory

A

Examines people’s everyday behavior through the communication of knowledge, ideas, beliefs, and attitudes

129
Q

Define field research

A

Data collected by observing people in their natural surroundings

130
Q

Define content analysis

A

A data collection method that systematically examines some form of communication

131
Q

Define experiment

A

A controlled artificial situation that allows researchers to manipulate variables and measure the effects

132
Q

Define secondary analysis

A

Examination of data that have been collected by someone else

133
Q

Adrian was carefully coached by his parents so that he grew up to be a well-mannered, confident, and generous person. Adrian carried the values he learned at home wherever he went—to school, to college, to his workplace, and to his own home and family. He imparted these values to his children and grandchildren. The process that Adrian went through is best described as

A

Socialization

134
Q

Caitlin behaves and interacts with her siblings very differently compared to the way she behaves and interacts with her friends. She is less mindful of offending her brothers and sisters and is not as conscious of her appearance when she is with them. Which of the key functions of socialization does this situation illustrate?

A

Socialization teaches us role taking

135
Q

___ is the process of learning cultural behaviors and expectations so deeply that people accept them without question

A

Internalization

136
Q

Lily was born to a very young, low-income single mother in an impoverished nation. Lily’s mother wanted to raise her and did so for Lily’s first year of life. However, when her mother’s circumstances worsened, Lily’s mother decided to place her in an orphanage run by the government of her impoverished nation. At the time she was admitted, Lily was judged to be physically, cognitively, and emotionally typical for a child of her age. Because she was one of dozens of toddlers in the orphanage, Lilly got food and basic physical care, but nothing else. At age 5, she was tested for placement in a children’s facility and found to be significantly delayed physically, emotionally, and cognitively. These delays are most likely to be the result of

A

Social isolation

137
Q

Biologists focus on heredity in human development, whereas sociologists focus on learning, socialization, and culture. This difference of opinion is called

A

The nature-nurture debate

138
Q

Howard, a developmental biologist, is most likely to study the role of ___ in human development

A

Heredity

139
Q

The proportion of women who have ever suffered physical violence varies significantly across cultures, from 16% in East Asia to 66% in central sub-Saharan Africa. This is consistent with the idea that

A

Humans are influenced by their environment

140
Q

The kind and quality of food an expectant mother eats can have immense consequences for her infant in terms of their physical development in utero and their physical, cognitive, and social development and functioning throughout life. For example, use of tobacco during pregnancy increases the risk of the infant having cleft lip or palate or dying from sudden infant death syndrome. This supports the idea that

A

Nurture has an impact on nature

141
Q

Which of the following statements supports the argument that nature shapes behavior?

A

Human development is innate

142
Q

____ occurs when people relieve direct or indirect rewards or punishments for particular behaviors

A

Reinforcement

143
Q

Aaron was 4 years old when he saw his older brother Charlie accidentally start a fire and get seriously burned while playing with matches. As a result of the _____ he experienced, Aaron has never played with matches and is quite fearful of fire

A

Indirect reinforcement

144
Q

Macy sees her best friend lie to her mother about where she is going. Macy, however, doesn’t lie. This illustrates that difference between

A

Learning behavior and preforming behavior

145
Q

Jamal really values the advice and opinions of his boss, who has worked in the field for decades and is widely respected. Knowing that his boss appreciates and respects him makes Jamal feel valued and competent. From the perspective of symbolic interaction theory, Jamal’s boss is best described as a(n)

A

Significant other

146
Q

Owain’s manager showed him a lot of appreciation for efficiently handling a complicated project. This appreciation made Owain confident and enthused, and he put in more effort into all his future projects. According to Charles Horton Cooley, which phase of the development of the looking-glass self is Owain going through?

A

Response

147
Q

What among the following exhibits a dominant I part of the self as described by Mead?

A

Samuel insists that he wants to ride to school on a pony instead of a bicycle and refuses to go unless he can

148
Q

Sammy is 4 years old and loves to play “house” where he gets to be the “mommy” of the house. Sammy’s behavior is an example of

A

Role taking

149
Q

Before her interview at a potential new employer, Jayna, who is often quite sarcastic and has quite a sense of humor, practices responding to likely interview questions with a friend. By doing these things, which of the three expressive resources of impression management is Jayna working to control?

A

Manner

150
Q

Adam’s parents allow him two sleepovers a month at his friend’s place on the condition that he puts in an extra hour of study every day. In terms of parenting styles, Adam’s parents exhibit _____ parenting.

A

Authoritative

151
Q

Sasha’s friends are all close in age to her, and they all like the same TV shows, movies, books, and pop singers. In the context of sociology, Sasha’s friends are an example of a(n)

A

Peer group

152
Q

Sarah is 14 years old and is very conscious of her looks and other people’s opinion of her. With reference to Cooley’s concept, who among the following is most likely to help Sarah develop a positive looking-glass self during this age?

A

Parents

153
Q

Which statement about the effects of advertising images on U.S. girls and women is correct?

A

About 80% of 10-year-old girls have been on a diet

154
Q

Blake and his two sisters grew up in a multigenerational household. This means they

A

Lived with their parents and grandparents

155
Q

Consistent and well-deserved (but not constant) praise from parents

A

Improves children’s problem-solving skills

156
Q

Which scenario describes helicopter parents?

A

Ian’s parents are overanxious about his college admission and have made him apply to 10 different universities

157
Q

Angela returned to her parents’ home after she lost her job and could no longer afford to live on her own. She was deep in debt and needed her parents’ support to find another job in a difficult economy. Angela belongs to a group of young adults termed

A

Boomerang children

158
Q

Which of the following statements is true about later life?

A

People age 65 and older often must learn to play new roles

159
Q

____ is the process of unlearning old ways of doing things and adopting new attitudes, values, norms, and behavior

A

Resocialization

160
Q

Tom was a pessimist. His attitude cost him his friends and his peace of mind. After years of self-inflicted stress, Tom decided that he would become optimistic and see the brighter side of things. Tom has decided to undergo the process of

A

Resocialization

161
Q

Emilia was quite self-centered and selfish until she became pregnant. Suddenly, she embraced the idea of taking care of someone else, learned all she could about pregnancy, childbirth, and parenting, and, when the baby was born, was an attentive, doting mother. This is an example of

A

Voluntary resocialization

162
Q

A _____ institution is an isolated and enclosed social system that controls most aspects of its participants’ lives and has, as its goal, ____

A

Total; resocialization

163
Q

Social learning theories

A

People learn new attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors through social interaction

164
Q

Role models

A

People we admire and whose behavior we imitate

165
Q

Self

A

An awareness of one’s social identity

166
Q

Looking-glass self

A

A self-image based on how we think others see us

167
Q

Anticipatory socialization

A

Learning how to preform a role that a person will occupy in the future

168
Q

Generalized other

A

The norms, values, and expectations of society that affects a person’s behavior

169
Q

Impression management

A

Providing information and cues to others to present oneself in a favorable light while downplaying or concealing one’s less appealing characteristics

170
Q

Reference groups

A

People who shape an individual’s self-image, behavior, values, and attitudes in different contexts

171
Q

Socialization agents

A

The individuals, groups, or institutions that teach us how to participate effectively in society

Sociology (1 decks)

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