Chapters 1-4 Flashcards
Homosapiens evolved _______ hundred thousand years ago
two
The domestication of plants and animals is a hallmark of the _______ era
neolithic
_______ _________ can be best credited for the expansion of homo sapiens communities throughout the world
Land bridges
A rapidly increasing population encouraged the development of new forms of _______ organization
social
A mesopotamian stepped pyramid is known as a __________
ziggurats
___________ believed that the gods had chosen him to promote the welfare of the people and to cause justice to prevail in the land
Hammorabi
The ________ eventually fell in 1595 BCE tot he Hittites
babylonians
Evidence suggests that the Mesopotamians traded extensively with peoples as far away as Anatolia, ________, and India
Egypt
In Mesopotamia prisoners of war, convicted criminals and heavily indebted individuals were the three main sources of _________
slaves
Sumerian writing is known as _________
cuneiform
The first simplified alphabet, containing only 22 letters, was created by the ________
phoenicians
______ was Gilgamesh’s friend
Enkidu
_______ _________ is significant because it is the site of the first city.
Catal Huyok
Eridu, Ur, Uruk, Lagash, Nippur, and Kish were all associated with
meopotamia
The most influencial ancient Indo-European migrants into SW Asia were the ________
Hittites
______ is the society that began the custom of embalming to preserve the body for life after death
Egypt
The early Sudanic societies recognized a single divine force as the source of good and evil, and associated it w/ _________
riain
The Greek historian ________ used the phrase the gift of the Nile to describe Egypt
Herodotus
The earliest Egyptian and _________ states were small kingdoms
Nubian
The pyramid of ______ is the largest of all the pyramids
Khufu
________ was an Egyptian explorer who visited Nubia
Harkhuf
Around 3100 BCE, the conqueror Menes founded _______, a city that would serve aas the capital for early Egypt
Memphis
The ________ were horse-riding external invaders who eventually captured Memphis and levied tribute throughout Egypt
Hyksos
Horse-drawn chariots and _________ weapons were introduced into Egpyt by the Hyksos
bronze
In mid 17th century BCE, Egypt lost its independence and became part of __________ empire
Assyrian
_______ was a woman who ruled Egypt as a pharouh
Harshepsut
The Egyptian god of the underworld
Osiris
Tribes that as early as 3000 BCE begn to spread their language and agri techniqures throughout Africa were the __________
Bantu
In Kush, there is evidence of many ________ rulers
female
In Africa, ________ __________ arose independently
iron metallurgy
The chief god of early Aryans
Indra
Two especially prominent cities of the first Indian societies were _______ and Mohenjo-daro
Harappa
At its height, the population of ______ reached 40,000
Mohenjo-daro
Evidence relating to trade indicates that Harappan India traded with _________ and Persia
Mesopotamia
The ________ were Indo-Europeans
Aryans
The Indo-Europeans who entered India called themselves Aryans which means:
noble ones
The Aryans reffered to social classes by the term ________
varnas
______ is a subcaste
Jati
Vedic society was strongly _______
patriarchal
The ________ were commentaries and reflections on the Vedas
upanishads
The 2 principal means to achieve the goal of _____ are asceticism and meditation
moksha
The Shang rulers were strengthened by their control over technological advantage of ________
bronze
Powerful southern rival to the ______ were the Chu
Zhou
The _______ ___ ________ allowed the ruler to serve as a link between the heavens and the Earth
mandate of heaven
The task of butchering animals/handling dead bodies usually fell to the _________
untouchables
Ritual bloodletting was crucial to Maya rituals b/c it was associated with _____ & agriculture
rain
Olmec
rubber people
First ceremonial center of the Olmecs
San Lorenzo
Most characterstic artistic creations of the _______ were colossal human heads sculpted from basalt
Olmecs
Olmecs traded extensively in _____, obsidian, and small works of art
jade
Most important political ccenter of the Maya realm at its height
Tikal
Maya calendar interwove a ______ yr of 364 days & a _______ calendar of 260 days
solar; ritual
Lapita peoples were the earliest Austronesian migrants to establish human settlements in the ______ islands
pacific
One of the earliest Andean states, which left a remarkable artistic legacy via ceramics
Mochica
Only ____ books survive as all the written material of the Maya
4
The most flexible and sophisticated system of writing found in the ancient Americas was created by the _____
Maya
Maya mathmaticians invented the mathematical concept of _____ which was essential for positional notation aned manipulation of large #s
zero
Austronesian speaking peoples became first human settlers on the large island of ______ off the east African coast
Madagascar
Malayan, Indonesian, Filipino, Polynesian, and other Oceanic languages derived from the _______ language
Austronesian
The ______ cult existed in the area occupied by modern day Peru
Chavin
