Chapters 1-4 Flashcards
What can behavior modification be used for
affecting behavior deemed problematic
what is the focus on regarding behavior modification
Behavior modification approach focuses on the development of adaptive, prosocial behavior and the reduction of maladaptive behavior in everyday life.
what are the central characteristics of behavior modification
- Emphasis on behavior
- Emphasis on Current determinants of behavior
- Emphasis on learning
- Assessment and Evaluation
- Application
treatment evaluation has what characteristic
figuring out why performance has changed
what is the behavior therapist’s role in treatment
designing the program
what is pavlov known for
Pavlov is known for the creation of classical conditioning; Pavlov’s dogs.
what is the empirical law of effect?
consequences that help that follow behavior help learning
what is watson known for
crystalizing behaviorism
how has behavior mod impacted other fields of psychology
made psychological research more objective and scientific
what was the scientific procedure in the little albert case
presence of white rat was immediately followed by a noise
what is observational learning?
observational learning occurs when a person sees someone else perform a behavior
what is applied behavior analysis
extending the principles of operant conditions to everyday life and behaviors
what is applied behavior analysis used for
Affecting change in individuals or settings
what are prompts
antecedents that directly facilitate and guide perfromance
what are secondary reinforcers
reinforcers that acquire their value through learning (money,grades,praise)
how are positive and negative reinforcement alike
they both seek to increase a behavior
what is punishment
presentation/removal of a stimulus or event following a response that decreases the lieklyhodd of that response
what is extinction
stopping reinforceing a response that leads to the a decrease of the likelhood of the behavior in the future
what are prompts used for
to generate a specific response
what is fading
gradual removal of a prompt
what is response covariation
tendency of responses to change together
what are the steps in developing a behavioral program
1) determine the function of the behavior
2) determine an appropriate replacement behavior
3) determine when the replacement behavior should occur
4) design a teaching sequence
5) manipulate the environment to increase the probability of success
6) manipulate the environment to decrease the probability of failure
7) determine how positive behavior will be reinforced
8) determine consequences for occurrences of the problem behavior
9) develop a data collection system
10) develop behavioral goals and objectives
what is the “target behavior”
the behavior that is meant to be changed
what are the components in an operational definition
objectivity, clarity, and completeness
how do frequency measures work
tallying the number of times the behavior occurs in a given time period
when should frequency measures be used
situations the behavior is free to occur on multiple occasions and when opportunities are restricted
how does discrete categorization work
behavior is given two categories correct-incorrect, perfromed-not performed
how does interval scoring work
time the client is observed is divided into intervals and the behavior is marked doen as either occuring or not occuring during the interval
how does duration measurement work
measures amount of time response is performed
what is latency
measures how long the client takes to begin the response
how is latency used
to determine how long it takes for a behavior to occur in a specific setting
what are biological measures of behavior
methods that measure the psychical changes
when would self report be used
when verbal behavior is the target
what are reports by others
measures completed by those who can interact closely with the client
what is reliability in behavioral observation
extent to which observers agree in their scoring of behavior
what is obtrusive observation
obsevation that clients are aware of
what is unobtrusive observation
observation that clients are not aware of
how does reactivity affect observations
it can influence how the client perfroms and influence the data
how is reactivity minimized
by use of unobtrusive measurement
when would a “contrived” situation be used
in situations where the behaivor of intrest is of low frequency
what is the purpose of a probe
to check to see if there are other changes than those that served as the intervention focus
why is “relevance” important in behavior mod
it makes sure the measure reflect the area of interest and it is important because it makes sure the change is important to the client
why are observers retrained
to ensure that definitions for scoring behavior are applied consistently.
how would you know if an observation was obtrusive or not
if the client is aware of it
what is acceptable agreement before treatment begins
the level of agreement among observers being at a rate deemed acceptable depending on the experiment.
how is interobserver agreement calculated
frequency ratio and point by point agreement ratio
