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Geology > Chapters 1-4 > Flashcards

Chapters 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

Spinning ball of gas and dust. Heaviest sinks to the middle. Forms disc with rings, planets form in those rings

A

Nebula Theory

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2
Q

Large asteroid collides with Earth. Break off tons of dust material. Forms ring around Earth. Dust forms together= moon

A

Formation of Moon

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3
Q

Heavy, dense material sinks to middle

A

Formation of Earth/ Differentiation

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4
Q

Chemical and Physical properties that come together to form the _______________

A

Structure of the Earth

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5
Q

Core
Mantle
Crust

A

Chemical Properties of the Structure of the Earth

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6
Q

Inner Core
Outer Core
Mesosphere
Asthenosphere
Lithosphere

A

Physical Properties of the Structure of the Earth

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7
Q

Uppermost mantle and Crust - brittle solid (P)

A

Lithosphere

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8
Q

Upper mantle - plastic/ ductile solid (P)

A

Asthenosphere

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9
Q

Lower mantle - brittle solid (P)

A

Mesosphere

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10
Q

Liquid (P)

A

Outer Core

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11
Q

Solid (P)

A

Inner Core

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12
Q

Made of silicon and aluminum. (C)

A

Crust

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13
Q

Made of Iron and Magnesium. (C)

A

Mantle

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14
Q

Made of Iron and Nickel. (C)

A

Core

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15
Q

Older and thicker. Felsic. Granite, less dense.

A

Continental Crust

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16
Q

Thinner and younger. Mafic. Basalt. Denser

A

Oceanic Crust

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17
Q

Crust at mountain ranges

A

Continental

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18
Q

Crust under ocean

A

Oceanic

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19
Q

Rocks, Minerals, Volatiles, Melts, Organics, Glass, Grain, Sediment, and Metal

A

What the Earth is made of

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20
Q

Made of clumps of minerals

A

Rocks

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21
Q

Building blocks of rocks

A

Minerals

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22
Q

Gases - H2O

A

Volatiles

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23
Q

Liquids (Magma and lava)

A

Melts

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24
Q

Living- coal, oil

A

Organics

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25
Q

Elements - not organized

A

Glass

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26
Q

Single piece of rock/mineral

A

Grain

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27
Q

Bunch of grains

A

Sediment

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28
Q

One metal element

A

Metal

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29
Q

Continents joined in one super continent called Pangea

A

Continental Drift

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30
Q

Surrounds Pangea

A

Panthalassic Ocean

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31
Q

Proposed Pangea/continental drift

A

Wegener

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32
Q
  1. Puzzle like fit of continents
  2. Fossils - identical species on opposite sides of ocean
  3. Paleoclimats - glacial, coal, deserts
  4. Rocks and Structures - rock types, mountains
A

Evidence of Continental Drift

33
Q

Wegener cannot explain “how”. Continents moving but not oceanic crust

A

Problems with Continental Drift

34
Q

Great unifying theory of geology. Earth is divided into Lithospheric plates that move and interact

A

Plate Tectonics

35
Q

Based on Earth’s Magnetism. Rocks with iron - iron aligns with magnetic field

A

New Evidence

36
Q

It looks like pole moved, plates moved.

A

Apparent polar wandering

37
Q

Magnetic North and South switch

A

Magnetic Reversals

38
Q

Harry Hess. Ocean spreads apart at Ridges - New oceanic crust is created. Oceanic crust destroyed in trenches

A

Seafloor Spreading

39
Q

Part of plate over the mantle plume

A

Hot Spots

40
Q

Column of heat in mantle

A

Mantle Plume

41
Q

Chain of volcanoes formed at a hot spot (doesn’t have a trench)

A

Hot Spot Track

42
Q
  1. Solid
  2. Naturally Occurring
  3. Inorganic
  4. Formed by Geological Processes
  5. Definite Chemical Composition
  6. Crystalline Structure
    • Specific, orderly arrangement of minerals
A

Criteria to be a mineral

43
Q
  1. Color
  2. Crystal Habit
  3. Cleavage
  4. Hardness
  5. Streak
  6. Reaction to Acid
  7. Luster
  8. Magnetism
  9. Taste
  10. Specific Gravity
A

Mineral Properties - How to tell minerals apart

44
Q

Shape if has time and space to grow. Result of crystalline structure. Mirror planes

A

Crystal Habit

45
Q

Rotate and see the exact same

A

Rotational axis

46
Q

Tendency to break into flat layers

A

Cleavage

47
Q

Resistance to scratching (Harder object scratches softer object)

A

Hardness

48
Q

Color in powdered form

A

Streak

49
Q

Calcite: fizzes

A

Reaction to Acid

50
Q

Metallic Luster - Shiny like a metal
Non-metallic - Not like a metal ~ Still may be shiny

A

Luster - Shininess

51
Q

Measure of density. Weight

A

Specific Gravity

52
Q

Quartz - Most common, durable
Calcite - Fizzes in acid
Halite - Salt
Olivine - Olive Green
Pyrite - Fools Gold

A

Minerals you need to know

53
Q

Underground

A

Magma

54
Q

Surface

A

Lava

55
Q

Forms underground from magma

A

Intrusive

56
Q

Forms at surface from lava and solids. Volcanic

A

Extrusive

57
Q

Appearance of minerals in rock - formation implied

A

Texture

58
Q
  1. Glassy
  2. Aphanitic
  3. Phaneritic
  4. Pegmatitic
A

Igneous Textures

59
Q

No long-range crystalline structure. No minerals. Color rules do not apply to composition. Conchoidal fracture

A

Glassy

60
Q

Minerals too small to see. Cool quickly from lava

A

Aphanitic

61
Q

Visible minerals up to 2cm in size. Cool slowly from magma - form underground

A

Phaneritic

62
Q

Large mineral crystals - larger than 2cm. Cool slowly from magma. Water in magma

A

Pegmatitic

63
Q

Quartz
Feldspar
Muscovite

High amount of silicon aluminum
Light color

A

Felsic

64
Q

Amphibole
Pyroxene
Olivene

High amounts of Magnesium and Iron
Dark color/ green

A

Mafic

65
Q

Temperature at which melting begins

A

Solidus

66
Q

Temperature at which all material is melting

A

Liquidus

67
Q

v=d/t

A

Equation

68
Q

The region of shallow to intermediate to deep earthquakes

A

Wadati-Benioff Zone

69
Q

Determine Distance
Convert distance from km to cm (multiply by 100,000)
Determine the age (Note: Ma = millions of years. So 21 Ma =21,000,000)
Divide distance by time
Answer should be in cm/years

A

Rate of plate movement using a hot spot

70
Q

Plate move: <— —>
Seafloor spreading
Ocean
Forms new oceanic crust
Basalt lava flows
Earthquakes - shallow
Youngest ocean floor at ridge

Ex: Mid-Atlantic Ridge, East Pacific Rise

A

Divergent

71
Q

Plates move: —> <—
Trench
Wadati-Benioff Zone- Earthquakes get deeper further from trench
Oceanic crust destroyed

Ex: Japan, Indonesia, Aleutian Islands

A

Convergent

72
Q

Volcanic Island Arch

A

VAI

73
Q

Trench
VAI
WBZ

A

Oceanic-Oceanic Convergent

74
Q

Coastline
Volcanic Arc - chain of volcanoes parallel to trench and coastline
WBZ
Oceanic crust destroyed
AP - Accretionary Prism ~ Material not dense enough to subduct is scraped onto side of continent

Ex: Andes, Cascades

A

Oceanic-Continental Convergent

75
Q

No subduction
No volcanoes
Earthquakes - shallow
Crust no created nor destroyed
Middle of continents

Ex: Himalaya Mountains, Alps

A

Continental-Continental Convergent

76
Q

————->
Plates move: <————
Connects other plate boundaries
Earthquakes
No volcanoes
Crust neither created nor destroyed.
Fracture Zone-not a plate boundary

Ex: San Andreas Fault

A

Transform

77
Q

Everywhere that is not a plate boundary

A

Intraplate

78
Q

Has spread 1100 km on one side in 64 Ma. Calculate half and full spreading rates in cm/year.

Convert km to cm by multiplying by 100,000.
- 1,100km x 100,000 cm=110,000,000cm
Convert 64 Ma to millions of years
- 64 Ma = 64,000,000
Calculate half spreading rate
- 110,000,000cm/64,000,000 yrs =1.72 cm/yr
Calculate full spreading rate
- Half spreading rate x 2 = 1.72 x 2 = 3.4 cm/yr

A

Calculating a Spreading Rate

Geology (1 decks)

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