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Human Body in Health & Disease (BIO 104) > Chapters 1 - 3 > Flashcards

Chapters 1 - 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Anatomy?

A

The study of body structure

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2
Q

What is Physiology?

A

The study of body function

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3
Q

What is Pathology?

A

The study of disease

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4
Q

What do specialized groups of cell form?

A

Tissues, which in turn are combined to form organs; these organs form systems, which work together to maintain the body.

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5
Q

What is the function of the Integumentary (think largest organ a.k.a. skin) system?

A

It is the body’s covering, i.e. PROTECTION

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6
Q

What is the function of the Skeletal system?

A

It is the framework of the body, i.e. SUPPORT

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7
Q

What is the function of the Muscular system?

A

It moves the bones and skin, i.e. MOVEMENT

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8
Q

What is the function of the Nervous system?

A

It is the central system that includes the organs of the sensory system, i.e. COORDINATION

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9
Q

What is the function of the Endocrine system?

A

It produces the regulatory hormones, i.e. CONTROL

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10
Q

What is the function of the Cardiovascular system?

A

It is consisting of the heart and blood vessels, acting to transport vital substances, i.e. CIRCULATION

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11
Q

What is the function of the Lymphatic system?

A

It includes vessels that return tissue fluids to blood and organs that house immune cells, i.e. IMMUNITY

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12
Q

What is the function of the Respiratory system?

A

It adds oxygen to the blood and removes carbon dioxide, i.e. VENTILATION

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13
Q

What is the function of the Digestive system?

A

It converts raw food materials into products usable by cells, i.e. ENGERY SUPPLY

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14
Q

What is the function of the Urinary system?

A

It removes waste and excess water, i.e. FLUID BALANCE

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15
Q

What is the function of the Reproductive system?

A

It is that produces new individuals of the species, i.e. PRODUCTION OF OFFSPRING

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16
Q

What are some Effects of Aging?

A

Wrinkles, gray hair; decreased kidney function; loss of bone mass; formation of deposits within blood vessels.

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17
Q

Which of the following body systems is incorrectly matched to its
function?
A. Integumentary: coordination and control
B. Respiratory: energy supply
C. Endocrine: coordination and control
D. Muscular: protection and support

A

?

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18
Q

Which of the following is the most suitable for a pathologist to study?
A. Structure of the stomach
B. Mechanism of action of proton pump inhibitors
C. Stomach cancer
D. Digestive process of the stomach

A

C. Stomach Cancer

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19
Q

Homeostasis

A

The body’s maintenance of internal balance, i.e. blood pressure control

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20
Q

Negative feedback

A

Keeps body conditions within a normal range by reversing any upward or downward shift.

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21
Q

What are the 4 components of the negative feedback loops?

A

Sensor, Control center, Effector and Signals

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22
Q

How does the brain respond to an increase in body temperature?

A

?

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23
Q 
Which of the following body systems in incorrectly matched to its function?
Integumentary: protection and support
Respiratory: energy supply and immunity
Endocrine: coordination and control
Muscular: protection and support
A

Respiratory: energy supply and immunity

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24
Q

Which example illustrates negative feedback?
Decreased blood sugar stimulates release of a hormone that further decreases blood sugar
Decreased room temperature activates a thermostat, which further decreases heat output by a furnace
A rise in blood calcium levels stimulates release of a hormone that lowers blood calcium levels
A rise in estrogen levels stimulates production of a hormone that stimulates estrogen production

A

A rise in blood calcium levels stimulates release of a hormone that lowers blood calcium levels

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25
Q 
Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior?
Frontal
Transverse
Horizontal
B and C are correct
A

Frontal

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26
Q 
Which term means closer to the body’s midline?
Lateral
Medial
Transverse
Distal
A

Medial

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27
Q

*Your friend needs a splenectomy. Which of the following would be the correct abdominal quadrant AND region that the surgery needs to take place?
Right upper quadrant, right hypochondriac and epigastric regions
Left upper quadrant, left hypochondriac region
Left upper quadrant, left hypochondriac and epigastric regions
Left upper quadrant and epigastric region

A

Left upper quadrant, left hypochondriac and epigastric regions

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28
Q 
A patient has pneumonia in the left lower lobe of the lung.  Fluid has started to drain out.  Which cavity would most likely be affected?
Pericardial
Pleural
Abdominopelvic
Mediastinum
A

Pleural

29
Q 
A patient comes in with pain in the cervical region.  Where is the pain MOST likely located?
Neck
Spine
Sacrum
Iliac
A

Neck

30
Q 
Which abdominal region is most superior and medial?
Hypogastric
Umbilical
Right hypochondriac
Epigastric
A

Epigastric

31
Q 
You are running down the steps because you realize you are late to the exam.  On the way down, you trip and fall.  You are screaming for help because you are experiencing severe pain in your anterior thigh.  Which anatomic adjective best describes the anterior thigh?
Crural
Femoral
Popliteal
Sural
A

Femoral

32
Q 
How many electrons does carbon need to complete its outermost energy level?
2
4
6
8
A

4

33
Q 
How many electrons does sodium (Na) have in its outer shell?
1
11
8
2
A

1

34
Q

Which of the following is NOT correct regarding chemical compounds?
NaCl is considered a non-covalent compound
All molecules containing different atoms are compounds
H2O is considered a polar covalent molecule and compound
All compounds are molecules

A

All compounds are molecules

35
Q 
Which of the following is a polar covalent molecule?
O2
H2O
CaCl
Both A and B
A

H2O

36
Q

You are making a vinaigrette salad dressing. What kind of mixture is it?
Colloid
Suspension
Solution

A

Suspension

37
Q

Which of the following would be considered acidic on the pH scale?
Tomato juice containing a low amount of hydrogen ions with pH of 4.2
Bleach with pH of 9.5
Lemon juice with a pH of 2.0 and a high amount of hydrogen ions
Milk of magnesia with a pH of 10.5

A

Lemon juice with a pH of 2.0 and a high amount of hydrogen ions

38
Q 
Which of the following becomes alkaline in solution?
HCl
NaCl
MgOH2
Na2CO3
A

MgOH2

39
Q 
Which element is found in ALL organic compounds?
Phosphorus
Nitrogen
Carbon
Oxygen
A

Carbon

40
Q

Which of the following is FALSE regarding carbohydrates?
Glycogen and starch are considered polysaccharides
Monosaccharides are the building blocks of carbohydrates
Lactose is a disaccharide found in milk
Table sugar is a monosaccharide

A

Table sugar is a monosaccharide

41
Q

Which of the following is TRUE regarding lipids?
Glycerol is the basic building block of lipids
The triglyceride is the basic building blocks of lipids also known as the simple fat
Cholesterol is a phospholipid that is necessary for the creation of steroid hormones
The triglyceride is the main component of the cell membrane

A

The triglyceride is the basic building blocks of lipids also known as the simple fat

42
Q

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a protein?
They are structurally and metabolically active
They are composed of amino acids held together by ionic peptide bonds
Their 3D structure is due to folding
They can denature

A

They are composed of amino acids held together by ionic peptide bonds

43
Q

Which of the following statements does not characterize enzymes?
They catalyze chemical reactions in the body
They are considered proteins
Their shape changes once they bind to their substrate
They can denature in harsh conditions such as pH change or temperature changes

A

Their shape changes once they bind to their substrate

44
Q

Which of the following is an example of kinetic energy?
The conversion of water and carbon dioxide to fructose
The chemical bonds that hold together the fructose molecule
When you are at the top of a roller coaster getting ready to drop
Electrical energy
Both A and D

A

Both A and D

45
Q 
Which of the following microscopes would you recommend to a student who is trying to look at the internal structure of mitochondria?
Compound light microscope
SEM
TEM
Simple light microscope
A

TEM

46
Q

Which statement BEST describes the plasma membrane of the cell?
The outer layer of a cell that contains a single layer of phospholipids and cholesterol throughout
The outer layer of a cell that contains a phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates interwoven throughout that regulates what enters and leaves the cell
The outer layer of a cell that contains a phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol, and proteins interwoven throughout that regulates what enters and leaves the cell
The outer layer of a cell that contains a single phospholipid layer, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates interwoven throughout that regulates what enters and leaves the cell

A

The outer layer of a cell that contains a phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates interwoven throughout that regulates what enters and leaves the cell

47
Q 
A patient with cystic fibrosis has a genetic mutation of a protein called CFTR and as a result is excreting high amounts of sodium chloride in his sweat.  Which type of protein is most likely mutated in this patient?
Transporters
Receptors
Enzymes
Channels
A

Channels

48
Q

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
It contains ribosomes.
It participates in the synthesis of lipids.
It modifies, folds, and sorts proteins.
All are true

A

It participates in the synthesis of lipids.

49
Q 
Skeletal muscle contraction would require the abundance of which organelle?
Golgi apparatus
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic reticulum
A

Mitochondria

50
Q

Which of the following is TRUE regarding osmosis?
Passive movement of solute from an area of low concentration of solute to an area of high concentration of solute
Passive movement of solvent from an area of high concentration of solute to a low concentration of solute
Can occur very rapidly cells containing aquaporins
Passive movement of water from an area of high concentration of solute to a low concentration of solute

A

Can occur very rapidly cells containing aquaporins

51
Q

Which of the following would be the result of placing a red blood cells in 3 % saline solution?
Nothing
The red blood cell would lyse
The red blood cell would shrink
Need more information to answer the question

A

The red blood cell would shrink

52
Q

You are place on a medication known as digoxin for the treatment of systolic heart failure. The physician asks you how the medication works, and you respond by saying that the medication blocks the sodium-potassium pump in the cell membrane of cardiac cells. Which of the following can assume to be TRUE regarding the sodium-potassium pump?
Sodium ions are ejected outside the cell while the concentration of potassium ions are kept unchanged
It is a form of active transport because it requires energy in the form of ATP to allow the sodium ions to be ejected outside the cell
It is a form of diffusion since the sodium goes with the gradient from a high concentration inside the cell to a low concentration outside the cell
By blocking the sodium-potassium pump, the drug digoxin will prevent potassium from exiting the cell

A

It is a form of active transport because it requires energy in the form of ATP to allow the sodium ions to be ejected outside the cell

53
Q

Which of the following is an example of receptor-mediated endocytosis?
The reuptake of serotonin into the pre-synaptic neuron via Na-Cl transporter
The intake of lipoprotein ligand into a liver cell to be metabolized into cholesterol
Helper T-cells fighting off the coronavirus
The filtering of fluids from the urine via cells in the kidney

A

The intake of lipoprotein ligand into a liver cell to be metabolized into cholesterol

54
Q 
Which of the following is the CORRECT transcription of DNA to mRNA?
GUG  CAC
CAC  GUG
CAC  GTG
CCC  UUU
A

CAC GUG

55
Q

Which of the following is NOT CORRECT regarding protein synthesis?
Genes are made up of proteins
DNA is translated into mRNA and then transcribed into a protein
tRNA and ribosomes are responsible for creating amino acid sequence from mRNA
A and B

A

A and B

56
Q 
Where does the process of translation MOST likely take place?
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Ribosome
Endoplasmic reticulum
A

Ribosome

57
Q 
A 48-year-old male has just been diagnosed with stage 2 colon cancer.  His current weight is 220lbs and he is 67 inches tall. His diet consists of beef and lamb 3 times per week, and he eats veggies and fruits “sometimes”.  He does like to run though 2 miles per day to the high school and back.  Due to his stressful lifestyle, he does smoke at least half a pack of cigarettes per day.  Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for the patient’s colon cancer?
Obesity
Physical inactivity
Poor diet
Smoking
A

Physical inactivity

58
Q

Which of the following is the CORRECT sequence of events in mitosis?
Chromosomes line up along the cell’s equator
Cell membrane pinches off, dividing the cell into two new daughter cells
DNA replication occurs
DNA is tightly wound into chromosomes
Chromosomes separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell
IV, III, V, I, II
III, IV, I, V, II
IV, III, I, V, II
None of the above

A

III, IV, I, V, II

59
Q

Barriers

A

Are maintenance of DISTINCT environments

60
Q

Flow

A

Movement of a substance from one area to another i.e. Diffusion, blood flow, air flow

61
Q

Gradient

A

a difference in a specific physical or chemical value between two area i.e. temperature, pressure, concentration

62
Q

Resistance

A

factors that inhibit flow down a gradient i.e. barriers, friction

63
Q

What are the Anatomical Planes?

A

Frontal (coronal) plane; Sagittal (split down the middle) plane; Transverse (horizonal plane)

64
Q

What are the Directional terms and their opposites?

A

Superior vs inferior ;

Anterior (ventral) vs posterior (dorsal); Medial vs lateral; Proximal vs distal

65
Q

What are the subdivisions of the Ventral cavity ?

A

Thoracic, Abdominal, Pelvic

66
Q

What are the subdivisions of the Dorsal cavity?

A

Cranial, Spinal

67
Q

Thoracic cavity includes?

A

Mediastinum, Pleural cavity, Pericardial cavity - the Diaphragm separates the Thoracic from the Abd cavity.

68
Q

Abdominopelvic Cavity includes?

A

Abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

Human Body in Health & Disease (BIO 104) (2 decks)

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