Chapters 1 - 3 Flashcards
What is Anatomy?
The study of body structure
What is Physiology?
The study of body function
What is Pathology?
The study of disease
What do specialized groups of cell form?
Tissues, which in turn are combined to form organs; these organs form systems, which work together to maintain the body.
What is the function of the Integumentary (think largest organ a.k.a. skin) system?
It is the body’s covering, i.e. PROTECTION
What is the function of the Skeletal system?
It is the framework of the body, i.e. SUPPORT
What is the function of the Muscular system?
It moves the bones and skin, i.e. MOVEMENT
What is the function of the Nervous system?
It is the central system that includes the organs of the sensory system, i.e. COORDINATION
What is the function of the Endocrine system?
It produces the regulatory hormones, i.e. CONTROL
What is the function of the Cardiovascular system?
It is consisting of the heart and blood vessels, acting to transport vital substances, i.e. CIRCULATION
What is the function of the Lymphatic system?
It includes vessels that return tissue fluids to blood and organs that house immune cells, i.e. IMMUNITY
What is the function of the Respiratory system?
It adds oxygen to the blood and removes carbon dioxide, i.e. VENTILATION
What is the function of the Digestive system?
It converts raw food materials into products usable by cells, i.e. ENGERY SUPPLY
What is the function of the Urinary system?
It removes waste and excess water, i.e. FLUID BALANCE
What is the function of the Reproductive system?
It is that produces new individuals of the species, i.e. PRODUCTION OF OFFSPRING
What are some Effects of Aging?
Wrinkles, gray hair; decreased kidney function; loss of bone mass; formation of deposits within blood vessels.
Which of the following body systems is incorrectly matched to its
function?
A. Integumentary: coordination and control
B. Respiratory: energy supply
C. Endocrine: coordination and control
D. Muscular: protection and support
?
Which of the following is the most suitable for a pathologist to study?
A. Structure of the stomach
B. Mechanism of action of proton pump inhibitors
C. Stomach cancer
D. Digestive process of the stomach
C. Stomach Cancer
Homeostasis
The body’s maintenance of internal balance, i.e. blood pressure control
Negative feedback
Keeps body conditions within a normal range by reversing any upward or downward shift.
What are the 4 components of the negative feedback loops?
Sensor, Control center, Effector and Signals
How does the brain respond to an increase in body temperature?
?
Which of the following body systems in incorrectly matched to its function? Integumentary: protection and support Respiratory: energy supply and immunity Endocrine: coordination and control Muscular: protection and support
Respiratory: energy supply and immunity
Which example illustrates negative feedback?
Decreased blood sugar stimulates release of a hormone that further decreases blood sugar
Decreased room temperature activates a thermostat, which further decreases heat output by a furnace
A rise in blood calcium levels stimulates release of a hormone that lowers blood calcium levels
A rise in estrogen levels stimulates production of a hormone that stimulates estrogen production
A rise in blood calcium levels stimulates release of a hormone that lowers blood calcium levels
Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior? Frontal Transverse Horizontal B and C are correct
Frontal
Which term means closer to the body’s midline? Lateral Medial Transverse Distal
Medial
*Your friend needs a splenectomy. Which of the following would be the correct abdominal quadrant AND region that the surgery needs to take place?
Right upper quadrant, right hypochondriac and epigastric regions
Left upper quadrant, left hypochondriac region
Left upper quadrant, left hypochondriac and epigastric regions
Left upper quadrant and epigastric region
Left upper quadrant, left hypochondriac and epigastric regions
A patient has pneumonia in the left lower lobe of the lung. Fluid has started to drain out. Which cavity would most likely be affected? Pericardial Pleural Abdominopelvic Mediastinum
Pleural
A patient comes in with pain in the cervical region. Where is the pain MOST likely located? Neck Spine Sacrum Iliac
Neck
Which abdominal region is most superior and medial? Hypogastric Umbilical Right hypochondriac Epigastric
Epigastric
You are running down the steps because you realize you are late to the exam. On the way down, you trip and fall. You are screaming for help because you are experiencing severe pain in your anterior thigh. Which anatomic adjective best describes the anterior thigh? Crural Femoral Popliteal Sural
Femoral
How many electrons does carbon need to complete its outermost energy level? 2 4 6 8
4
How many electrons does sodium (Na) have in its outer shell? 1 11 8 2
1
Which of the following is NOT correct regarding chemical compounds?
NaCl is considered a non-covalent compound
All molecules containing different atoms are compounds
H2O is considered a polar covalent molecule and compound
All compounds are molecules
All compounds are molecules
Which of the following is a polar covalent molecule? O2 H2O CaCl Both A and B
H2O
You are making a vinaigrette salad dressing. What kind of mixture is it?
Colloid
Suspension
Solution
Suspension
Which of the following would be considered acidic on the pH scale?
Tomato juice containing a low amount of hydrogen ions with pH of 4.2
Bleach with pH of 9.5
Lemon juice with a pH of 2.0 and a high amount of hydrogen ions
Milk of magnesia with a pH of 10.5
Lemon juice with a pH of 2.0 and a high amount of hydrogen ions
Which of the following becomes alkaline in solution? HCl NaCl MgOH2 Na2CO3
MgOH2
Which element is found in ALL organic compounds? Phosphorus Nitrogen Carbon Oxygen
Carbon
Which of the following is FALSE regarding carbohydrates?
Glycogen and starch are considered polysaccharides
Monosaccharides are the building blocks of carbohydrates
Lactose is a disaccharide found in milk
Table sugar is a monosaccharide
Table sugar is a monosaccharide
Which of the following is TRUE regarding lipids?
Glycerol is the basic building block of lipids
The triglyceride is the basic building blocks of lipids also known as the simple fat
Cholesterol is a phospholipid that is necessary for the creation of steroid hormones
The triglyceride is the main component of the cell membrane
The triglyceride is the basic building blocks of lipids also known as the simple fat
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a protein?
They are structurally and metabolically active
They are composed of amino acids held together by ionic peptide bonds
Their 3D structure is due to folding
They can denature
They are composed of amino acids held together by ionic peptide bonds
Which of the following statements does not characterize enzymes?
They catalyze chemical reactions in the body
They are considered proteins
Their shape changes once they bind to their substrate
They can denature in harsh conditions such as pH change or temperature changes
Their shape changes once they bind to their substrate
Which of the following is an example of kinetic energy?
The conversion of water and carbon dioxide to fructose
The chemical bonds that hold together the fructose molecule
When you are at the top of a roller coaster getting ready to drop
Electrical energy
Both A and D
Both A and D
Which of the following microscopes would you recommend to a student who is trying to look at the internal structure of mitochondria? Compound light microscope SEM TEM Simple light microscope
TEM
Which statement BEST describes the plasma membrane of the cell?
The outer layer of a cell that contains a single layer of phospholipids and cholesterol throughout
The outer layer of a cell that contains a phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates interwoven throughout that regulates what enters and leaves the cell
The outer layer of a cell that contains a phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol, and proteins interwoven throughout that regulates what enters and leaves the cell
The outer layer of a cell that contains a single phospholipid layer, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates interwoven throughout that regulates what enters and leaves the cell
The outer layer of a cell that contains a phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates interwoven throughout that regulates what enters and leaves the cell
A patient with cystic fibrosis has a genetic mutation of a protein called CFTR and as a result is excreting high amounts of sodium chloride in his sweat. Which type of protein is most likely mutated in this patient? Transporters Receptors Enzymes Channels
Channels
Which of the following is FALSE regarding the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
It contains ribosomes.
It participates in the synthesis of lipids.
It modifies, folds, and sorts proteins.
All are true
It participates in the synthesis of lipids.
Skeletal muscle contraction would require the abundance of which organelle? Golgi apparatus Ribosomes Mitochondria Endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondria
Which of the following is TRUE regarding osmosis?
Passive movement of solute from an area of low concentration of solute to an area of high concentration of solute
Passive movement of solvent from an area of high concentration of solute to a low concentration of solute
Can occur very rapidly cells containing aquaporins
Passive movement of water from an area of high concentration of solute to a low concentration of solute
Can occur very rapidly cells containing aquaporins
Which of the following would be the result of placing a red blood cells in 3 % saline solution?
Nothing
The red blood cell would lyse
The red blood cell would shrink
Need more information to answer the question
The red blood cell would shrink
You are place on a medication known as digoxin for the treatment of systolic heart failure. The physician asks you how the medication works, and you respond by saying that the medication blocks the sodium-potassium pump in the cell membrane of cardiac cells. Which of the following can assume to be TRUE regarding the sodium-potassium pump?
Sodium ions are ejected outside the cell while the concentration of potassium ions are kept unchanged
It is a form of active transport because it requires energy in the form of ATP to allow the sodium ions to be ejected outside the cell
It is a form of diffusion since the sodium goes with the gradient from a high concentration inside the cell to a low concentration outside the cell
By blocking the sodium-potassium pump, the drug digoxin will prevent potassium from exiting the cell
It is a form of active transport because it requires energy in the form of ATP to allow the sodium ions to be ejected outside the cell
Which of the following is an example of receptor-mediated endocytosis?
The reuptake of serotonin into the pre-synaptic neuron via Na-Cl transporter
The intake of lipoprotein ligand into a liver cell to be metabolized into cholesterol
Helper T-cells fighting off the coronavirus
The filtering of fluids from the urine via cells in the kidney
The intake of lipoprotein ligand into a liver cell to be metabolized into cholesterol
Which of the following is the CORRECT transcription of DNA to mRNA? GUG CAC CAC GUG CAC GTG CCC UUU
CAC GUG
Which of the following is NOT CORRECT regarding protein synthesis?
Genes are made up of proteins
DNA is translated into mRNA and then transcribed into a protein
tRNA and ribosomes are responsible for creating amino acid sequence from mRNA
A and B
A and B
Where does the process of translation MOST likely take place? Nucleus Nucleolus Ribosome Endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosome
A 48-year-old male has just been diagnosed with stage 2 colon cancer. His current weight is 220lbs and he is 67 inches tall. His diet consists of beef and lamb 3 times per week, and he eats veggies and fruits “sometimes”. He does like to run though 2 miles per day to the high school and back. Due to his stressful lifestyle, he does smoke at least half a pack of cigarettes per day. Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for the patient’s colon cancer? Obesity Physical inactivity Poor diet Smoking
Physical inactivity
Which of the following is the CORRECT sequence of events in mitosis?
Chromosomes line up along the cell’s equator
Cell membrane pinches off, dividing the cell into two new daughter cells
DNA replication occurs
DNA is tightly wound into chromosomes
Chromosomes separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell
IV, III, V, I, II
III, IV, I, V, II
IV, III, I, V, II
None of the above
III, IV, I, V, II
Barriers
Are maintenance of DISTINCT environments
Flow
Movement of a substance from one area to another i.e. Diffusion, blood flow, air flow
Gradient
a difference in a specific physical or chemical value between two area i.e. temperature, pressure, concentration
Resistance
factors that inhibit flow down a gradient i.e. barriers, friction
What are the Anatomical Planes?
Frontal (coronal) plane; Sagittal (split down the middle) plane; Transverse (horizonal plane)
What are the Directional terms and their opposites?
Superior vs inferior ;
Anterior (ventral) vs posterior (dorsal); Medial vs lateral; Proximal vs distal
What are the subdivisions of the Ventral cavity ?
Thoracic, Abdominal, Pelvic
What are the subdivisions of the Dorsal cavity?
Cranial, Spinal
Thoracic cavity includes?
Mediastinum, Pleural cavity, Pericardial cavity - the Diaphragm separates the Thoracic from the Abd cavity.
Abdominopelvic Cavity includes?
Abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
