Chapters 1-3 Flashcards
- Cellular and organ changes that occur with disease but also with the effects that these changes have on total body function.
- focuses on the mechanisms of the underlying disease and provides information to assist with planning preventative as well as therapeutic healthcare measures.
Pathophysiology
State of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity
Health
Acute or chronic illness that one acquires or is born with that causes physiologic dysfunction in one or more body system
Disease
Etiology, pathogenesis, morphologic changes, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and clinical course
Aspects of disease
*causes of disease
Etiologic Factors
- biologic agents (Bacteria, viruses)
- Physical Forces (trauma, burns, radiation)
- Chemical agents (poisons, alcohol, drugs)
- genetic inheritance
- nutritional excess or deficits
Etiologic agents
The multiple factors that predispose to a particular disease
Risk factors
Defects present at birth
- may not be present until later in life or may never manifest
- caused by genetic influences, environmental factors, or a combination c
Congenital Conditions
Caused by events that occur after birth
*injury, exposure to infectious agents, inadequate nutrition, lack of oxygen, inappropriate immune responses
Acquired Factors
Explains how the disease process evolves f
Pathogenic
Fundamental structure or form of cells or tissues
Morphology
Concerned with both the gross an anatomic and microscopic changes that are characteristic of a disease
Morphologic changes
The study of the cells and extra cellular matrix of body tissues
Histology
Represents a pathologic or traumatic discontinuity of a body organ or tissue
Lesion
Subjective complaint that is noted by the person with a disorder
*Pain, difficulty breathing, and dizziness
Symptom
Manifestation that is noted by an observer
*elevated temperature, swollen extremity, and changes in pupil size
Sign
Complication of signs and symptoms
Syndrome
Adverse extensions of a disease or outcomes from treatment
Complication
Designation as to the nature or cause of a health problem
Diagnosis
The evolution of a disease
Clinical course
A disease that is relatively severe, but self-limiting
Acute disorder
A continuous, long-term process
*can run a continuous course or can be present with exacerbations and remissions
Chronic disease
Intermediate between acute and chronic diseases
*not as severe as acute and not as prolonged as chronic
Subacute disease
The disease is not clinically evident but is destined to progress to clinical disease
Preclinical stage
Not clinically apparent and is not destined to become clinically evident
*diagnosed with antibody or culture tests
Subclinical disease
Manifested by signs and symptoms
Clinical disease
A person who harbors an organism but is not infected
*this person can still infect others
Carrier status
The study of disease occurrence in human populations
- science to study risk factors for multifactorial diseases (heart disease & cancer)
- more concerned with whether something happens and how it happens
Epidemiology
Serve as a basis for clinical decision making, allocation of healthcare dollars, and development of policies related to public health issues
Epidemiologic studies
The number of new cases arising in a population at risk during a specified time
Incidence
Measure of existing disease in a population at a given point in time
*number of existing cases divided by the current population
Prevalence
Describes the effects an illness has on a persons life
*concerned with the persistence and the long-term consequences of the disease
Morbidity
Provide information about the causes of death in a given population
*can also be described in terms of leading causes of death according to age, gender, race, and ethnicity
Mortality
Refers to the progression and projected outcome of the disease without medical intervention
*can be used to determine disease outcome, establish priorities for healthcare services, determine the effects of screening and early detection programs on disease outcomes, and compare the results of new treatments with the expected outcome without treatments
natural history of a disease
The probable outcome and prospect of recovery from a disease
*can be designated as chances for full recovery, possibility of complications, or anticipated survival time
Prognosis
Directed at keeping disease from occurring by removing all risk factors
*folic acid during pregnancy, immunizations, healthy diet and exercise
Primary Prevention
Detects disease early when it is still asymptomatic and treatment measures can effect a cure or stop the disease from progressing
*screenings (pap smear), history taking, Physical exams, Lab tests, healthy diet and exercise
Secondary Prevention
Clinical interventions that prevent further deterioration or reduce the complications of a disease once it has been diagnosed
*medication, education, healthy diet and exercise
Tertiary Prevention
Involves and abnormal chloride channel, which causes the epithelial cell membrane to be impermeable to the chloride ion. Defective chloride section with excessive sodium and water causes abnormally thick and viscid respiratory secretions, blocking the airways
Cystic Fibrosis
Occurs when a cell releases a chemical into the extracellular fluid that affects its own activity
Autocrine Signaling (self)
Acts mainly on nearby cells
Paracrine Signaling
Relies on hormones carried in the bloodstream to cells throughout the body
Endocrine Signaling
Occurs in the nervous system, where neurotransmitters are released from neurons to act only on neighboring cells as synapses
Synaptic Signaling
Without oxygen
Anaerobic
With oxygen
Aerobic
Covers and lines the body’s surfaces and internal closed cavities
- forms the secretory portion of glands and their ducts
- simple-squamous, cuboidal, columnar
- Stratified-squamous (keratinized and nonkaratinized), cuboidal, columnar, transitional, pseudostratified
- glandular-endocrine and exocrine
- neuroepithelium
- reproductive
Epithelial Tissue
Epithelial tissue do not have blood vessels, get oxygen and nutrients from the capillaries of the connective tissue on which the epithelial tissue rests
Avascular
Connects and binds or supports various tissues
*cells produce the extracellular matrix that supports and hold tissues together
*2 types- proper (loose-areolar, adipose, reticular, and dense
Specialized (support the soft tissues of the body and store fat; cartilage, bone, blood cells)
Connective tissue
Main function is contraction, responsible for movement of the body and its parts and for changes in the size and shape of internal organs.
*3 types (1) skeletal-striated, (2) cardiac-striated, (3) smooth-no striations, found in iris of eye, walls of blood vessels, surrounding hollow organs and tubes, can divide
Muscle tissue
Decrease in cell size.
- cell size is related to workload, as the workload declines, oxygen consumption and protein synthesis decrease.
- general causes-disuse, denervation, loss of endocrine stimulation, inadequate nutrition, and ischemia or decreased blood flow
Atrophy
Increase in cell size and increase in the amount of functioning tissue mass
- results from increased workload imposed on an organ (cardiac and skeletal muscle)
- increase in muscle mass=good
- increase in cardiac muscle=bad
Hypertrophy
Increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue
- epidermis, intestinal epithelium, and glandular tissue
- controlled process that occurs in response to an appropriate stimulus and ceases after the stimulus has been removed (hormonal or compensatory)
Hyperplasia
Reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type
Metaplasia
Characterized by deranged cell growth of a specific tissue that results in cells that vary in size, shape, and organization
*strongly implicated as the precursor to cancer
Dysplasia
Cells can be damaged in many ways
*physical trauma, extremes of temperature, electrical injury, exposure to damaging chemicals, radiation damage, injury from biologic agents, and nutritional factors
Cell injury
Injuries due to environmental exposure, occupational and transportation accidents, and physical violence and assault.
- mechanical forces-body impact with another object, split and teat tissue, fracture bones, injure blood vessels, and disrupt blood flow
- extremes of temperature-partial thickness burns, heat stroke, increase in blood viscosity (cold)
- electrical injuries-AC more dangerous than DC, can cause violent muscle contractions, fractures, and dislocations.
Injury from physical agents
Ionizing-causes ionization of molecules and atoms in cells
Nonionizing-infrared, ultrasound, microwaves, and laser energy. Causes vibration and rotation of molecules and atoms
UV-causes sunburn and increases risk for skin cancer
Injury from radiation
Drugs, lead toxicity, mercury toxicity
Injury from chemical agents
Submicroscopic viruses to larger parasites. Able to replicate and can continue to produce their injurious effects
Injury from biologic agents
Deprives the cell of oxygen and interrupts oxidative metabolism and the generation of ATP.
*can result from an inadequate amount of oxygen in the air, respiratory disease, ischemia, anemia, edema, inability of the cells to use oxygen
Hypoxia
Characterized by impaired oxygen delivery and impaired removal of metabolic end products (lactic acid)
*decreased blood flow due to vasoconstriction
Ischemia
2 patterns can be observed under the microscope: (1) cellular swelling (hypoxia) and fatty change
Reversible cell injury
Highly selective process that eliminates injured and aged cells, controlling tissue regeneration
*cell suicide
Apoptosis
Cell death in an organ or tissue that is still part of a living organism
- causes loss of cell membrane integrity and enzymatic breakdown of cell parts and triggers the inflammatory process
- there are marked changes in the appearance of the cytoplasmic contents and nucleus
Necrosis
The part becomes dry and shrinks, the skin wrinkles, and its color changes to dark brown or black. Spread is slow. Irritation caused by the dead tissue produces a line of demarcation between the dead tissue and the health tissue.
*results from interference with the arterial blood supply to a part without interference with venous return and is a form of coagulation necrosis
Dry Gangrene
Area is cold, swollen, and pulseless. Skin is moist, black, and under tension. Blebs form on the surface. Liquefaction occurs, foul odor is caused by bacterial action, and no line of demarcation. Systemic symptoms are usually severe, death may occur if condition cannot be arrested.
- primarily results from interference with venous return from the part. Bacterial invasion plays an important role
- may affect internal organs or the extremities
Wet or Moist Gangrene
