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Biology 102 > Chapters 1-3 > Flashcards

Chapters 1-3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Chemistry

A

Is the study of matter and energy and the process of conversion into each other

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2
Q

Matter is

A

Anything that has mass and occupied space and composed of elements

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3
Q

Elements are

A

Can’t be broken down to a simpler form, periodic table of elements lists all known elements

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4
Q

Atoms

A

-smallest functional unit of element

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5
Q

What do atoms contain?

A

Nucleus protons neutrons and electrons

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6
Q

1st shell

A

2 electrons

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7
Q

2nd shell

A

8 electrons

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8
Q

3rd shell

A

18 electrons

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9
Q

What is an isotope ?

A

Same atomic number, with a different atomic mass

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10
Q

What are unstable isotopes called

A

Radioisotopes

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11
Q

What do radioisotopes give off?

A

Energy and particles

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12
Q

What are radioisotopes good for?

A

Medicinal stuff; carbon 14

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13
Q

Definition of energy

A

Capacity to do work

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14
Q

Definition of potential energy

A

Stored energy

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15
Q

Definition of kinetic Energy

A

Energy in motion

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16
Q

Electrons have what kind of energy

A

Potential

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17
Q

Each shell of an electron corresponds to what type of energy

A

Potential

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18
Q

Shells that are farther away from the nuclear contain electrons with more what

A

Potential energy

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19
Q

Winner Adams most stable

A

When they are outer most level is full

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20
Q

What is a molecule

A

Two or more atoms chemically bonded together

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21
Q

What is a compound

A

Two or more different Adams chemically bonded together

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22
Q

What is a chemical bond

A

Attractive force holding Adams together

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23
Q

What are the three kinds of chemical bonds

A

Covalent ionic and hydrogen

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24
Q

What is it covalent bond

A

When Adams share electrons they are very strong bonds

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25
Q

What are nonpolar covalent bonds

A

When electrons are shared equally

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26
Q

Examples of non polar covalent bonds

A

H2, 02, CH4.

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27
Q

What is a polar valent bond

A

When electrons are not shared equally

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28
Q

What is an ion

A

And electrically charged atom or molecule

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29
Q

What is the positively charged ion

A

forms of an Adam or molecule loses electrons

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30
Q

What are negatively charged ions

A

Forms of an Adam or molecule they gain electrons

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31
Q

What is an ionic bond

A

Attractive force between oppositely charged ions

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32
Q

What is an example of an ionic bond

A

NA CL

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33
Q

What is a hydrogen bond

A

Week attraction between oppositely charged regions of polar molecules

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34
Q

What are polysaccharides

A

Thousands of mono saccharides joined in chains and branches

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35
Q

Starch is what

A

Maiden plants and stored as energy

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36
Q

When we make what? It gets converted into glucose which sends a signal to the what?

A

Starches and pancreas

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37
Q

What are lipids

A

Fats and oils that are insoluble in water

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38
Q

Three important classes of lipids are?

A

Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes.

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39
Q

What are triglycerides

A

Energy storage molecules That are Composed of glycerol and three fatty acids. There are two types of fat, saturated and unsaturated. And then there is adipose tissue which is fat tissue.

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40
Q

What are phospholipids

A

They are the cell membrane structure. Composed of glycerol into fatty acids and a phosphate group. One end of the molecule is water Soluble (hydrophilic) and the other end of the molecule is water insoluble.

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41
Q

What are steroids

A

They are carbon-based ring structures And are composed of four carbon rings.

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42
Q

What are waxes

A

Bactericidal substances

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43
Q

What are proteins

A

Long chains (polymers) of subunits called amino acids

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44
Q

What are amino acids

A

Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds which are produced by dehydration synthesis Reactions

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45
Q

Protein functions depend on structure, what is the primary structure

A

Amino acid sequence which is stabilized by peptide bonds

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46
Q

Secondary structure of protien

A

Alpha helix, beta-pleated sheets, which is stabilized by hydrogen bonds

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47
Q

Tertiary structure of protien

A

3-D shape which is stabilized by disulfide and hydrogen bonds

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48
Q

Quantenary Structure of protien

A

Two or more polypeptide chains are associated

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49
Q

What is denaturation

A

Permanent disruption of protein structure which can be damaged by temperature or changes in pit or certain salt concentrations. Leads to the loss of biological function

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50
Q

What are enzymes

A

Facilitate biochemical reactions

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51
Q

Are enzymes proteins

A

True

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52
Q

Do enzymes function is biological catalysts

A

True

53
Q

Enzymes speed up? Without themselves being?

A

Chemical reactions and altered

54
Q

Without?, Many biochemical reactions would not proceed quickly enough to sustain life

A

Enzymes

55
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acids

A

DNA and RNA

56
Q

What is DNA

A

Deoxyribose acid

57
Q

What is RNA

A

Ribero nucleic acid

58
Q

What are the functions of RNA and DNA

A

A store genetic information and provide information used in making proteins also nucleic acids are long chains containing subunits known as nucleotides

59
Q

What is a nucleotide

A

The building blocks of nucleic acids

60
Q

What does each nucleotide contain

A

Five Carbon sugars RNA and DNA nitrogenous bases and Posphate bases

61
Q

Nucleotides containing

A

Deoxyribose nitrogenous bases adenine guanine cytosine and timing

62
Q

What is the paring of adenine

A

Thymine

63
Q

What is the pairing of cytosine

A

Guanine

64
Q

What is the structure of RNA

A

Single-stranded nucleotides which contain ribose nitrogenous bases adenine guanine cytosine and uracil

65
Q

What are the nucleic functions of DNA

A

Instructions for making RNA

66
Q

What is the nucleic function of RNA

A

Instructions for making proteins

67
Q

What is nucleic function for proteins

A

To direct most of our lives processes

68
Q

What is the structure of ATP

A

Bonds bt phosphate groups contains potential energy

69
Q

Nucleotide needs what?

A

ATP

70
Q

What is the universal energy source?

A

ATP

71
Q

What is the cell doctrine?

A

All living things are composed of cells, a single layer cell is the smallest unit that exhibits all of the characteristics of life, all cells come from pre-existing cells

72
Q

What are the 2 basic types of cells

A

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic

73
Q

Which cell type contains no nucleus?

A

Prokaryotic

74
Q

Eukaryotic cells are all cells for what species?

A

Humans!

75
Q

Name some differences in eukaryotic that prokaryotic cells do not have.

A

Muscle cells, numerous organelles, nerve cells, long thin to carry impulses over distances

76
Q

Small cells have a higher what?

A

Surface to volume ratio

77
Q

What does the plasma membrane surround?

A

The cell

78
Q

What does the plasma membrane seperate a cell from?

A

It’s environment

79
Q

Is the plasma membrane completely permeable?

A

No, it’s selective

80
Q

Plasma membrane is considered what?

A

Lipid bilayer

81
Q

A phospholipid has a polar tail and a non polar head. True or false?

A

False

82
Q

Cholesterol makes the membrane smooth

A

False

83
Q

Proteins provide what for the membrane?

A

Support

84
Q

Carbs act as what in a plasma membrane

A

Recognition patterns for cells and organisms

85
Q

Humans are a

A

Fluid mosaic

86
Q

Passive transport enables the cell to not need to expend energy for what 2 functions

A

Diffusion and osmosis

87
Q

Active transport requires the cells

A

To expand energy

88
Q

What does bulk transport involve

A

Membranes vesicles to move larger substances

89
Q

Endocytosis

A

Inside the cell

90
Q

Exocytosis

A

Outside the cell

91
Q

Passive transport is powers by

A

The concentration gradients

92
Q

What does passive acts as what In te cell?

A

Diffusion through lipid bilayer and diffusion trough protein channels

93
Q

Transport or carrier proteins in membrane assist in what?

A

Moving molecules across the membrane, down te concentration gradient and without expending energy

94
Q

Active transport moves substances from

A

An area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration

95
Q

What is tonicity

A

Relative concentration of solutes In 2 fluids

96
Q

Isotonic

A

Same

97
Q

Hypertonic

A

Higher inside the cell

98
Q

Hypotonic

A

Cell swells and bursts

99
Q

What are the functions of a nucleus

A

Contains the genetic info of the cell

100
Q

Structural features of the nucleus

A

Double layered nucleus membrane, nucleus pores
Chromosomes and chromatins
Nucleolus

101
Q

Ribosomes are the site of what

A

Protein synthesis

102
Q

How many types of endoplasmic reticulum are there?

A

2

103
Q

What are the 2 types of reticulum named

A

Rough and smooth

104
Q

Which reticulum has ribosomes on surface?

A

Rough

105
Q

Which reticulum is involved in lipid synthesis

A

Smooth

106
Q

Which ER is involved in protein synthesis ?

A

Rough

107
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus refine?

A

Synthesized products

108
Q

Where is the site for protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

109
Q

Do ribosomes sit still

A

No they are free floating in the cytoplasm

110
Q

Where are products packaged in te Golgi apparatus?

A

Vesicles

111
Q

What are the vesicles ?

A

Storage and shipping

112
Q

What are the 2 types of vesicles ?

A

Secretory and endocytic

113
Q

What are the mitochondria?

A

Power plant of the cell

114
Q

What is the mitochondria surrounded by?

A

Double membrane

115
Q

What does the mitochondria produce?

A

ATP

116
Q

Fat consists of what

A

Triglycerides and is long term storage of energy

117
Q

Carbohydrate storage and short term energy storage in animals is known as what?

A

Glycogen

118
Q

Cytoskeleton contains 3 what?

A

Micro tubules, intermediate filaments, micro filaments

119
Q

Short, many, and found on cell living airways point to what?

A

Cilia

120
Q

Long, single, and enable spermatozoa to swim point to why?

A

Flagella

121
Q

What do cells use and transform matter and energy for?

A

Metabolism

122
Q

What is the metabolism ?

A

Sum total of all the chemical reactions in a cell or organism

123
Q

Requires energy and used in making and assembling molecules

A

Anabolism

124
Q

Requires enzymes, breakdown of molecules, may release energy, used in breaking down nutrients and recycling cell components

A

Catabolism

125
Q

What is step 1 in cellular respiration

A

Occurs in cytoplasm(glycolysis) no oxygen is involved, requires 2 atp out come is 4

126
Q

Step 2 in CR

A

Inside the mitochondria, Krebs cycle, produces 2 ATP, extracts 2 high energy electrons

127
Q

Step 3 in CR

A

Requires oxygen in mitochondria, electron transport system 32 ATP or. 36

128
Q

What are some additional energy sources

A

Glycogen fats protiens

Biology 102 (1 decks)

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