Chapters 1-3 Flashcards by Jerry Benn

The CPU, memory devices, input/output
(I/O) devices, and any other physical
components that are part of a computer

What is hardware ?

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A computer system within some other,
larger system (such as a car) that
performs specific, limited functions and
has little or no user interface.

What is an embedded computer?

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A law predicting that the number of
transistors on an integrated circuit would
double every eighteen months.

What is Moore’s Law?

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The piece of the operating system that
runs at all times after the system is
booted.

What is the kernel ?

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Software frameworks that provide
services to application developers.

What is middleware ?

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An OS component that provides uniform
access to various devices and manages
I/O to those devices.

What is a device driver ?

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A mechanism that enables a device to
notify the CPU that it needs attention.

What is an interrupt ?

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The structure of most computers,
whereby both process instructions and
data are stored in the same main
memory.

What is von Neumann Architecture

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A performance-improving operation for
device controllers allowing devices to
transfer large amounts of data directly to
and from main memory.

What is Direct Memory Access?

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250 or 10245 bytes

What is a petabyte or pebibyte?

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The part of the CPU that executes
instructions.

What is a core ?

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A system with more than one chip, each
containing one or more CPU cores in
close communication, sharing computer
bus, clock, memory, and peripheral
devices.

What is a multiprocessor system?

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A system with more than one chip, each
containing one or more CPU cores in
close communication, sharing computer
bus, clock, memory, and peripheral
devices.

What is a multiprocessor system?

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A system in which each processor
performs all tasks, including operating
system tasks and user processes.

What is symmetric multiprocessing
(SMP)?

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The process of dividing a program into
components that run on individual cores
simultaneously in a computer.

What is parallelization?

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An architecture in which the time to
access memory varies based on which
core a thread is running on.

What is non-uniform memory access
(NUMA)?

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The concurrent performance of multiple
jobs.

What is multitasking ?

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A technique that allows the execution of
a process that is not completely in
memory.

What is virtual memory ?

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The transfer of data from slower memory
to faster memory.

What is caching ?

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Coordinating the data content such that
an update in one cache is immediately
reflected in all other caches holding the
same data.

What is cache coherency?

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The process by which the system
chooses which job to run next.

What is CPU scheduling ?

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A type of computing in which one or
more applications are made available
over the Internet.

What is
(IaaS)?
Infrastructure

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A type of environment in which
hardware, software, and other resources
are made available along with APIs for
management.

What is Cloud Computing ?

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An appliance that sits between trusted
and untrusted devices or systems.

What is a firewall ?

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Systems used with hard or very rigid constraints on time requirements for the operation of a processor or data flow.

What is (RTOS)? Real Time Operating Systems

A data structure in which items are linked to one another.

Linked List

It's the result of having a hash function return the same output value for different input values.

What is a hash collision ?

An application running guest operating systems manages resource use and protects each guest from the other. It can also be the host OS.

What is the (VMM) or ? virtual machine manager hyperviso

He formed the Free Software Foundation, published the GNU manifesto, and invented "Copyleft."

Who is Richard Stallman?

A data structure that has at most lg(n) levels given n items and is used by Linux in CPU-scheduling.

What is a Red-Black tree?

An interface to the services provided by an operating system.

What are system calls?

The set of functions available to an application developer, including the parameters passed to each function, and the return values the programmer can expect.

What is an Application Programming Interface (API)?

A common API used in most Unix, Linux, as well as macOS .

What is the POSIX API?

A service that is provided outside of the kernel by system programs that are loaded into memory at boot time and run continuously.

What is a daemon?

Is responsible for loading a sketch in the Arduino platform.

What is a boot loader?

Converts c source files into object files.

What is a compiler?

It combines relocatable object files into an executable file.

What is a linker?

Windows uses PE, Linux uses ELF, and MacOS uses Mach-O.

What are executable formats?

A file, set of files, or service used to store and retrieve configuration information.

What is a registry?

Relocatable objects on Linux have this extension?

What is .so?

A rule that defines what must be done.

What is a policy?

An operation that specifies how something will be done.

What is mechanism

Windows and MacOS enforce these in their system to force the look and feel of all their applications.

What is policy and mechanism?

Improvements in OS performance will most likely be due to this.

What is data structures and algorithms?

Using it for implementing an OS will help make it more portable to other hardware.

What is a high-level language?

The process of starting a computer by loading a kernel.

What is booting?

The program that allows the computer initialize the hardware and load up the kernel.

What is the bootstrap program?

A common open-source bootstrap loader that allows the selection of boot partitions and options to be passed to the selected kernel.

What is GRUB?

BIOS and UEFI are examples of this.

What is firmware code?

A block of code stored in a specific location on disk with the instructions to boot the kernel stored on that disk.

What is a boot block?

https://factiledynamic. s3.amazonaws.com/64bd316a7ed84f00189f82f5/img- 1695830970833pf84408.jpeg This is ....

What is a layered approach?

Describes a kernel without structure (such as layers or modules).

What is monolithic?

An operating-system structure that removes all nonessential components from the kernel and implements them as system and user-level programs.

What is microkernel?

The glibc equivalent for Android that was developed by Google, which has a smaller memory footprint than glibc.

What is Bionic?

It's the windows subsystem that allows ELF binaries to run on Windows 10.

What is Windows Subsystem for Linux?

The activity of finding and removing errors.

What is debugging?

A performance-limiting aspect of computing (e.g., poorly written code).

What is a bottleneck?

A copy of the state of a process written to disk when a process crashes.

What is a core dump?

A rich toolkit for tracing system activity on Linux for debugging and performance-tuning purposes.

What is BPF compiler collection (BCC)?

Services in a Microkernel structure communicate using this method.

What is message passing?

A program in execution.

What is a process or job?

Section of process that contains dynamically allocated memory.

What is the heap?

Contains function parameters, local variables, and the return address pushed onto the stack.

What is an activation record?

New, Running, Waiting, Ready, or Terminated.

What is a process state?

A representation of a process in an OS that contains many pieces of information, including the program counter, registers, memory management, accounting, etc...

What is a process control block (PCB) or task control block?

A process that spends more of its time doing I/O.

What is I/O bound?

A process waiting on I/O is placed in this queue.

What is a wait queue?

A process whose time slice expires is placed in this queue.

What is the ready queue?

Is responsible for selecting from among the processes that are in the ready queue and allocating a CPU core to one of them.

What is the CPU scheduler or scheduler?

Saving the state of an executing process and loading the saved state of a dispatched process.

What is a context switch?

A data structure that is the result of processes creating other processes.

What is a tree?

A POSIX system call that results in a child process being created.

what is fork()?

A POSIX system call that loads a binary file into memory (destroying the memory image of the original program) and starts its execution.

What is exec()?

A process that has been terminated but whose parent has not yet called wait().

What is a zombie?

A technique in which, when a process is ended, all of its children are ended as well.

What is cascading termination ?

A process that can affect or be affected by another process executing in the system is said to be this.

What is a cooperating process?

A mechanism used to exchange data by cooperating processes.

What is Interprocess Communication (IPC)?

A solution to the producer-consumer problem that uses this type of shared memory.

What is a buffer?

A solution to the producer-consumer problem that uses this type of shared memory.

What is a buffer?

A message-passing facility provides at least these two operations.

What are send and receive?

With , messages are sent and received through this. indirect communication

What are mailboxes or ports?

Most communication in Mach—including all inter-task communication—are carried out by this.

What are messages?

The message-passing facility in Windows.

What is an Advanced Local Procedure Call (APLC)?

POSIX shared memory is organized using these types of files.

What are memory-mapped files?

A conduit used for communicating where one end is for writing, and the other is for reading.

What is an Ordinary Pipe ?

In Windows OS, a communications port used to maintain connection between two processes, published by a server process.

What is a connection port?

An endpoint for communication.

What is socket?

Systems store the most significant byte first are known as this.

What is big-endian ?

A remote service used to abstract procedure or function calls between systems with network connections.

What is a Remote Procedure Call (RPC)?

A function that matches a caller to a service being called (e.g., a remote procedure call attempting to find a server daemon).

What is a matchmaker or rendezvous daemon?

An RPC system hides the details that allow communication to take place by providing this on the client and server side.

What is a stub?

RPCs can fail or be duplicated and executed more than once due to common network errors. One way to address this problem is for the operating system to ensure that messages are acted on rather than this.

What is at most once ?