Chapters 1-3

Question 1

Continuous change

Answer 1

development that is gradual, with achievements at one level building on those of previous levels

Question 2

discontinuous change

Answer 2

occurring in distinct stages, each stage of change brings about behavior that is assumed to be qualitative different from behavior at earlier stages

Question 3

critical period

Answer 3

A specific time during development when a particular event has it’s greatest consequences and the presence of certain kinds of environmental stimuli is necessary for development to proceed normally

Question 4

sensitive period

Answer 4

a point in development when organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environment, but the absence of those stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences

Question 5

nature

Answer 5

refers to traits, abilities, and capacities that are inherited from one’s parents

Question 6

nurture

Answer 6

refers to the environment influences that shape behavior

Question 7

psychodynamic approach

Answer 7

the approach stating that behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts, that are generally beyond people’s awareness and control

Question 8

Psychoanalytic theory

Answer 8

the theory that suggests that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior

Question 9

Sigmund Freud

Answer 9

who proposed the psychoanalytic theory

Question 10

Psychosexual development

Answer 10

according to freud, a series of stages that children pass through in which pleasure, or gratification, focuses on a particular biological function and body part

Question 11

Psychosocial development

Answer 11

the approach that encompasses changes in our interactions with and understanding of one another, as well as in your knowledge and understanding of ourselves as members of society

Question 12

Behavioral perspective

Answer 12

the approach suggesting that the keys to understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment

Question 13

classical conditioning

Answer 13

a type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response

Question 14

operant conditioning

Answer 14

a form of learning inn which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences

Question 15

social-cognitive learning

Answer 15

learning by observing the behavior of another person called a model

Question 16

cognitive perspective

Answer 16

the approach that focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world

Question 17

Humanistic perspective

Answer 17

the theory contending that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives and control their behavior

Question 18

contextual perspective

Answer 18

the theory that considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds

Question 19

The microsystem

Answer 19

the everyday, immediate environment in which lead their daily lives

Question 20

the mesosystem

Answer 20

connects the various aspects of the microsystem

Question 21

the ecosystem

Answer 21

social settings, social events or services that indirectly affect children

Question 22

the macrosystem

Answer 22

represents the larger cultural influences on an individual

Question 23

the chronosystem

Answer 23

underlies each of the other systems and involves the way the passage of time, including historical events and more gradual historic changes affect children’s development

Question 24

sociocultural theory

Answer 24

the approach that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture