Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SY101 Introduction to Sociology I: Critical Foundations > Chapters 1-2 Test Review > Flashcards

Chapters 1-2 Test Review Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Four Main Theoretical Traditions in Sociology

A

Functionalism, Conflict Theory, Symbolic Interactionism, Feminism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Émile Durkheim’s Theory of Suicide (What groups were suicide rates higher?)

A

suicide rates higher among unmarried men, christians, and seniors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Two social forces influencing suicide

A

Social Integration: Connection between individuals & the group
- How integrated are you into society?
- Seniors are less integrated

Social Control: Regulating Norms, values, expectations, and individual responsibilities
- Ex late 1800s French society started secularizing & church became less significant (loss of power & social control)
- Jewish people had more of a sense of community/had to protect each other (more social control)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Egoistic Suicide

A

poor integration of people in society because of weak social ties - eg unemployed or unmarried vs employed & married

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Anomic Suicide

A

when vague norms govern behaviour - high when society lacks a moral code - Example: Person dies by suicide after a stock market crash

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Altruistic suicide

A

when norms tightly govern behaviour - soldiers who give up their lives for their country

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Fatalistic Suicide

A

Excessive control over norms & values, Absolutely no autonomy, no agency, no freedom, Feel helpless - suicide is only way out of society
Example: Prisoner serving a life sentence dies by suicide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Microstructures

A

patterns of intimate social relations - formed during face to face interaction - families, friendship circles, work associations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Mesostructures

A

patterns of social relations formed in organizations whose members are often not intimately acquainted and who often do not interact face to face - colleges, bureaucracies, political parties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Macrostructures

A

patterns of social relations that lie outside and above your circle of intimates & acquaintances & the social organizations you may interact with - include class relations & patriarchy - the traditional system of economic & political inequality between women & men in society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Global Structures

A

international organizations, patterns of worldwide travel & communication, economic relations between countries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Sociological Imagination

A

the ability to see the connection between personal troubles & social structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Functionalist theory

A

Stresses that human behaviour is governed by stable patterns of social relations

Functionalists analyze macrostructures

Underlines how social structures maintain or undermine social stability

Social structures are based mainly on shared values

Social solidarity binds people together

Reestablishing equilibrium can best solve most social problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Manifest function (intended purpose)

A

of schools is to transmit skills from one gen to next

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Latent function (unintended purpose)

A

develops youth culture that conflicts with parents value

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Conflict Theory

A

Argue that macrostructures create division & conflict between dominant and subordinate groups

Social inequality produces conflict, not consensus

Inequitable societies produce conflict

Subordinate groups do not like being subordinate and want to change their status

Oppressor & oppressed stood in constant opposition to one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Karl Marx

A

Capitalist societies are defined by the conflict between the owning class & the working class

The bourgeoisie use social structures to maintain their power - while proletarians struggle for equality

Real social change only happens through conflict

If the working class can become conscious of their common exploitation (class consciousness) they will rise up and form a social movement that

Aboloshes private property

Establishes a communist society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Auguste Conte (1798-1857)

A

coined term sociology - tried to study society on scientific foundations - how it is not how people imagined it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937)

A

Famous Italian communist

Asked why do people accept social inequality?

Classical theories of power and inequality focus on force

Believed ruling classes established their dominance by using force & by funding the development and learning of ideas that seem to embody the values of the whole society but actually are in favour of class dominance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Theory

A

a tentative explanation for some aspect of social life - how & why facts are related

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Research

A

process of systematically observing social reality to assess the validity of a theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Values

A

ideas about what is right or wrong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Machiavelli

A

The state = force(lion) coined coercive power -legally enforces discipline on groups of people who do not consent to the dominant group” - military, police

Civil Society - Consent (Fox)

The lion method is always overthrown - the tyrant is killed by another tyrant and replaced

You need to be both a fox and a lion to maintain power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cultural Hegemony

A

the interests of the dominant group are represented as the general interests of the society - subordinate groups “spontaneuously consent” to their interests and view them as commonsensical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Symbolic Interactionism

A

Focuses on face-to-face communication/interaction in micro-level settings

Emphasizes that the explanation of social behaviour requires understanding subjective meanings people attach to their social circumstances

Stresses that people help to create their social circumstances & do not just react to them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Human Agency

A

people do not just react to social circumstances; they actively create subjective meanings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Erving Goffman (1922-1982) Dramaturgical Approach

A

People are social actors who manage their identities to create desired impressions from their audience (like actors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Patriarchy

A

Social structure that subordinates females to male domination (examined in micro, macro, and global structures)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Feminism

A

Distinguish between biological sex & gender

Male domination determined by social structures, not biology

Eliminating gender inequality is beneficial for everyone in society

30
Q

Arlie Hochschild - prof of sociology UC Berkley (progessive)

A

Studies the sociology of emotions

Uses feminism, social interactionism & conflict theory

Feelings are culturally mediated - we feel them through culture

Ex don’t make a scene at someone else’s wedding (rude)

We intuitively know the feeling rules of each situation of our society

We know you have to conform to the feeling rules even if we don’t feel that way

31
Q

Feeling Rules

A

rules about what feeling is or is not appropriate to a given social setting

We intuitively know the feeling rules of each situation of our society

We know you have to conform to the feeling rules even if we don’t feel that way

32
Q

Emotion management

A

Controlling one’s emotions and following feeling rules’ in the private sphere (outside of the workspace)

We all act in social situations

33
Q

Surface Acting

A

Affected displays of feelings that are inauthentic (inside does not match outside)

34
Q

Deep Acting

A

Display is a natural result of working on feeling, the actor does not try to seem happy or sad but rather expresses spontaneously… a real feeling that has been self-induced”

35
Q

Emotional Labour

A

Controlling one’s emotions and following ‘feeling rules’ for the sake of getting paid (i.e. paid employment in the public sphere)

36
Q

Gendered Division of Labour

A

Rational Jobs = Masculine (impartial judges)

Men socialized to be rational & impartial (doctors)

Emotional Jobs = Feminine (caregivers & pink collar)

37
Q

Main focus of each sociological theory

A

Functionalism: How social institutions foster social stability

Conflict Theory: Social conflict between powerful and subordinate groups

Feminism: Patriarchal social structure that subordinates females to male domination

Symbolic Interactionism: Creation of social meaning through social interactions

38
Q

Prostetant ethic

A

protestants believed they would be rewarded if they worked diligently & lived modestly

39
Q

Social constructionism

A

Argue that when people interact they assume things are innately what they appear but they are actually are created by social processes - similar to symbolic interactionism

40
Q

Queer Theory

A

takes social constructionism further & denies the existence of stable identities

41
Q

The Post Industrial Revolution

A

The technology driven shift from manufacturing to service industries & the consequences of this shift

42
Q

Globalization

A

the process which separate economies, states, cultures become intertwined and interdependent

43
Q

Ethnomethodology

A

study of how people make sense of what others do & say (social norms that are outside individual people

44
Q

Research Cycle

A

1.Formulate Question

  1. Review Existing Literature
  2. Select Method
  3. Collect Data
  4. Analyze Data
  5. Report Results
45
Q

Objectivity

A

stresses that observations should be free of the distorting effects of a person’s values & expectations

46
Q

Casual relationship

A

involves a relationship between 2 variables where change in one causes change in the second

47
Q

What 4 criteria are essential to establish a causal relationship?

A

Association

Time ordering/temporality

Nonspuriousness

the existence of social mechanisms that link cause & effect

48
Q

Dependent variable

A

a variable that is assumed to depend on or be caused by one or more (independent variables)

49
Q

Ethics

A

involved an individual’s ability to understand what is being asked of them and make a reasoned judgement about the effects research participation might have on them & make a choice without being coerced - (informed consent)

50
Q

Experiments

A

controlled tests of the causal effects of particular variables on dependent or outcome variables

51
Q

Explanation

A

an account of the causal logic that shows how & why variables influence one another

52
Q

External Validity

A

the generalizability of a particular finding from the study group to a larger population

53
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

changes in people’s behaviour caused by their awareness of being studied - (people usually perform better when they know they’re being watched)

Workers’ output was a response to the fact that they were studied, to their new relationships, and not to the changes in the physical conditions of their work

54
Q

Validity

A

accuracy or relevancy of a measurement in relation to the theoretical concept that it is supposed to measure

55
Q

Reliability

A

the consistency with which something can be measured

56
Q

Measurement

A

is considered reliable if it is consistent or repeatable

57
Q

Hypothesis

A

an unverified knowledge claim/hunch about how the world works - it is a testable statement derived from a theory about the relationship between 2 or more variables

58
Q

Interview

A

a method of collecting information by asking people questions in person or over the phone - range from highly structured - to very loosely structured

59
Q

Meaningful action

A

occurs with specific intentions or reasons in mind

Example - winking at someone - has intention you need to understand it to know what is happening - most human activity is meaningful action or social action

60
Q

Randomization

A

a procedure used in experiments to assign test subjects to experimental conditions based on chance

61
Q

Self-administered questionnaire

A

a method of collecting info by having people record their own answers to preset questions

62
Q

Spurious relationship

A

involves an incorrect inference about the causal relationships between variables

63
Q

Understanding

A

the ability to provide a definition of a situation that members of a culture find authentic & valid

64
Q

Variables

A

things that vary or attributes/ events that can take on more than one value (unemployment, rate, age, sex)

65
Q

Ethnography

A

the detailed description of a particular culture or way of life or written results of a participant-observation study

66
Q

Participant observation

A

involves the participation of the researcher in the activities of the group under investigation - attempts to give an insider’s account of a way of life or cultural system

67
Q

Sampling

A

the process of selecting units from a larger population

68
Q

Random sampling

A

involves the selection of representative units (people, organizations) from a population (Canadians, voluntary organizations in a city) samples can be selected by probability(where every unit has a non-zero chance of selection) or non-probability (where chance does not enter into the selection of sample units)

69
Q

probability

A

(where every unit as a non-zero chance of selection)

70
Q

nonprobability

A

(where chance does not enter into the selection of sample units)

71
Q

Family wage

A

enough money for the father to support the entire family

72
Q

Social Psychological Approach

A

if you treat employees like humans who are social beings, they will be more cooperative and productive

SY101 Introduction to Sociology I: Critical Foundations (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions