Chapters 1 & 2 Overview Flashcards
What is a language disorder?
A deficit and/or immaturity in the use of spoken and/or written language
What characterizes the traditional approach?
- Highly structured, more specifically targeted features, preferred by many SLPs
- Inadequate for developing meaningful uses, and could suffer from generalization
What characterizes the functional approach?
- Less structured, gives more control to the child
- Goal of better communication in a child’s natural environment
- More interactive and conversational teaching approach
- Emphasizes both nurturant and naturalistic methods
- The SLP changes from being the direct service provider to a language facilitator/consultant
What is the goal of intervention?
To increase opportunities for supporting a child’s participation in everyday communication and to help a child achieve greater flexibility in the learning and use of language
Is intervention in SLP a cure?
No
In EBP, what are decisions based on?
- Scientific evidence
- Clinical experience
- Client needs
EBP is:
Systematic
What are the steps in EBP?
- Determine the information needed and ask the correct clinical questions
- Find studies (peer-reviewed) that address the clinical question
- Determine the level of evidence and critically evaluate the studies
- Evaluate the information for the specific case in question
- Integrate the information and make a decision
- Evaluate the treatment outcomes to measure efficacy
What are the three developmental trajectories children with language disorders can have?
- Resolving
- Persisting
- Emerging
When does development slow for TDL and LD?
7 years old, 5 years old
What are language disorder risks?
- Being male
- Ongoing hearing problems
- Reactive temperament
- Low SES background
- Exhibiting poor early communicative skills
- Family history
- Low IQ
What is the neurological source of LD?
TRICK QUESTION MUAHAHAHA THERE IS NOT ONE SINGULAR NEUROLOGICAL SOURCE
What are some protective factors for LD?
- More persistent and sociable temperament
- Higher levels of maternal well-being
What is comprehension monitoring?
When we don’t understand something, try to figure out the problem that occurred and attempt to correct it, and in doing so, improve the accuracy of our representation of the meaning
What are the four steps of information processing?
Attention, discrimination, organization, and memory
What is attention?
Automatic activation of the brain, orientation that focuses awareness, and focus
What is discrimination?
The ability to identify stimuli from a field of competing stimuli
What is organization?
The categorization of information for storage and later retrieval
What is memory?
The retrieval of stored information (the capacity for storage and the speed and accuracy of retrieval increase with maturity)
What is transfer?
The application of learned material to previously unlearned information or to new contexts (applying knowledge you already have to a similar but different situation)
What is near vs. far transfer?
- Near transfer: there’s a minimal difference between stored and new information
- Far transfer: there’s a substantial difference between stored and new information
Where is information held while being processed?
Working memory
What does the brain’s central executive function do?
- Determines the cognitive resources needed
- Monitors and evaluates their application while controlling the flow of information
- Responsible for selective attention
- Responsible for the coordination and inhibition of stimuli and concepts
What are the five predictive factors of SLI (DLD)?
- Late language emergence
- Maternal education level
- 5-min Apgar score
- Birth order
- Biological sex
What is statistical learning?
Using frequency information (how often something occurs) to identify underlying rules and meaning
What is fast-mapping?
The rapid assumption of a word’s meaning upon hearing it, followed by a subsequent use, although the complete meaning is unknown to the child
What is executive function?
The directing and tuning of the brain for various tasks
Who is the primary group represented in DLD?
Children with SLI
What are the percentages for SLI?
60% of kids with SLI have an affected family member, 38% an affected parent
What is the GEM model’s four cognitive mechanisms?
- Fluid reasoning
- Controlled attention (necessary for comprehension)
- Language knowledge found in LTM (long-term memory) is essential in a chunk-and-pass model of language processing
- Working memory
What is fluid reasoning?
The ability to use logical and analytical reasoning to solve novel problems (such as recognizing and interpreting patterns)
What is social communication disorder (SCD)?
A neurodevelopmental communication disorder that affects both verbal and nonverbal communication skills in speaking and writing
What does social communication include?
- Speech style
- Perspective taking
- Rules for verbal and nonverbal communication
- Use of language to accomplish goals
