Chapters 1 & 2 Flashcards
Scientific study of behavior and mental processes
Psychology
the process of objectively examining and measuring one’s own thoughts and mental activities
Objective Introspection
Unconscious mind is where we repress all threatening urges/desires; focus on children and how experiences mold adults
Psychoanalysis
Focus on operant conditioning, does not concern about process inner workings of the mind
Behavioralism
People have free will, looks at how we understand ourselves and how we can improve
Humanistic
“Be the best you can be”
Humanistic
Focus on memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving, and learning. Heavy aspect on process
Cognitive
Focus on relationships around us, social behavior, and culture
Sociocultural
Looks at how being in certain groups present different behaviors
Sociocultural
Attributes all human/animal behavior to biological events occurring in the body
Bio-psychological
Looks at how genetics, hormones, and chemical balances affect psychology
Bio-psychological
“Survival of the fittest”
Evolutionary
Focuses on biological basis of universal mental characteristics that all humans share
Evolutionary
No MD, Doctorate, researcher, counselor or teacher
Psychologist
MD, focuses on diagnosis and treatment
Psychiatrist
Social worker trained in psychology
Psychiatric Social Worker
Watching animals in natural environment
Naturalistic Observation
Subjects behave differently while being watched
Observer Effect
Observer joins the environment
Participant Observation
Watching animals in lab setting
Laboratory Observation
Researches ask subjects about topic under study, gets massive amount of data in little time, but can have inaccuracy
Survey
study of one individual in great time over time
Case Study
What is changed in an experiment
Independent variable
Outcome of change in experiment
Dependent Variable
What stays the same
Control Variable
group subjected to the independent variable
Experimental group
Group not subjected to independent variable
Control Group
The belief of change rather than actual change
Placebo Effect
Participants are unaware to treatment they receive
Single Blind Study
Participants and observers are unaware to treatments received
Double Blind Study
Cell body of neuron
Soma
Receives messages from the other cells
Dendrites
Passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands
Axon
Fatty substance that covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed up neural impulses and protect the axon
Myelin Sheath
Structure that forms junction with other cells
Terminal Buttons
Electrical signal that travels down the axon
Action Potential
Ion charge within the neuron
Negative
Ion charge outside the neuron
Positive
State when the neuron is not firing
Resting potential
Release of a neural impulse consisting of the reversal of electricity within the atom
Action Potential
insertion of a thin, insulated wire into the brain through which an electrical current is sent that destroys the brain cells at the tip of the wire
Deep Lesioning
Milder electrical stimulation and causes neurons to react as if they received a message
Electrical Stimulation of the Brain (ESB)
magnetic pulses are applied to the cortex using specialized copper wire coils that are positioned over the head
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
combines several X-Rays to form 2D “Slice” images or 3D images of a body part, usually used with contrast dye
Computed Tomography (CT)
Machine uses magnets, radio waves, and computers to create images of internal organs
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
machine uses a scanning device to detect photons emitted by a radionuclide in the organ or tissue being examined
Position Emission Tomography (PET):
nuclear imaging scan that integrates computed tomography (CT) and a radioactive tracer (i.e. HIDA scan)
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)
measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow
Functional MRI (fMRI)
Function: personality, emotional response, social behavior
Frontal Lobe
Function: calculation, language, planned movement, appreciation of size, shape, weight, and texture
Parietal Lobe
Function: Vision
Occipital Lobe
Function: Auditory perception, speech, language, verbal memory, smell; auditory perception, non-verbal memory
Temperal Lobe
Responsible for production of speech
Broca’s Area
Responsible for language comprehension
Wernicke’s Area
Function: Control of consciousness, breathing, heart rate
Brainstem
Responsible for posture, balance, and coordination of movement
Cerebellum
Relays information from sensory organs to the cerebral cortex
Thalamus
Primary cortical component of the limbic system, involved in emotional and cognitive processing
Cingulate Cortex
Plays a role in learning, memory, and ability to compare sensory information to expectations
Hippocampus
Influences motivation, emotional control, fear response, and interpretations of nonverbal emotional expressions
Amygdala
Regulates thirst, fear, sexual drive, and agression
Hypothalamus
