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Phonetics > Chapters 1, 2 > Flashcards

Chapters 1, 2 Flashcards

1
Q

phonetics

A

study of the perception and production of speech sounds

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2
Q

two-way scoring

A

dichotomous decision making about speech behavior. a clinician must decide if a target behavior is “correct” or “incorrect”; of the three systems this is used most often

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3
Q

five-way scoring

“correct, deletion, substitution, distortion, addition”

A

more descriptive than 2 way, clinician needs to know whether sound is right or wrong

  • deletion or omission- when sound is deleted altogether
  • substitution- replaced by another sound
  • distortion- sound not said quite correctly
  • addition- sound said correctly but preceded or followed by an intrusive sound
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4
Q

phonetic transcription

A

highest level of scoring concerned only with description of behavior. represent what the child says rather than to score or judge it by some arbitrary standard

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5
Q

broad vs narrow transcription

A

depending on number and type of symbols used

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6
Q

speech

A

a pattern of the movements of the speech organs and a pattern of acoustic vibrations

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7
Q

speech community

A

a group of people who live within the same geographical boundaries and use the same language

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8
Q

dialects

A

different usage patterns within a language; descriptive over prescriptive (descriptive comments simply describe dialectal variations without evaluative judgements)

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9
Q

regional dialects

A

characteristics of people who live in a certain region

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10
Q

General American English (GAE)

A

most commonly used in USA

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11
Q

idiolect

A

each person’s unique form of spoken language determined by regional background, social class, and various individual factors and experiences

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12
Q

sign language

A

manual communication used by people who are deaf or hard of hearing; another mode of language expression

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13
Q

morpheme

A

smallest unit of language that carries meaning

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14
Q

lexicon

A

list of morphemes in a language

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15
Q

words make up the dictionary of a language…

A

morphemes make up the lexicon of a language

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16
Q

morphemics or morphology

A

study of morphemes

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17
Q

morphemic transcription

A

a written record of the morphemic content of an utterance

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18
Q

phoneme

A

a basic sound segment that has the linguistic function of distinguishing morphemes

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19
Q

graphemes

A

alphabet letters

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20
Q

minimal contrasts

A

contrasts between 2 morphemes that differ in only one sound segment- cup/cub and pay/bay

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21
Q

international phonetic alphabet

A

ipa- standardized system of notation used for transcribing speech sounds

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22
Q

ipa

A

107 symbols for consonants and vowels

23
Q

visible speech

A

invented by alexander melville bell, an organic system in that the symbols were designed to give visual representations of the articulatory positions for individual sounds

24
Q

Korean alphabet aka HANGUL

A

most recently invented and most scientifically designed alphabet in the world. symbols for consonants are graphical representations of the underlying articulation, so that each symbol depicts the way in which a sound is formed

25
Q

phonology

A

the study of sound systems of language, that is, the structure and function of sounds in languages

26
Q

articulatory phonetics

A

concerned with how sounds are formed

27
Q

acoustic phonetics

A

concerned with the acoustic properties of sound

28
Q

clinical phonetics

A

focuses on the sounds that become the professional concern of the slp

29
Q

allophone

A

a phonetic variant of a phoneme; produced differently but sound the same (coo, key)

30
Q

free variation allophone

A

when allophones can be exchanged for one another in a given phonetic context

31
Q

complementary distribution: allophone

A

when they are not normally exchanged for one another in a certain phonetic context

32
Q

phonetic symbols

A

symbols used to represent allophones or phonetic variants of phonemes (are placed within brackets)

33
Q

diacritic marks

A

special marks that modify phonetic symbols

34
Q

digraphs

A

sequences of two or more alphabetic characters that represent a single sound: th, gh, ph, sh,ch

35
Q

morphs

A

individual morpheme like shapes encountered in a language sample

36
Q

phone

A

any particular occurrence of a sound segment of speech

37
Q

alphabet

A

a set of letters or other characters used for the writing of a language

38
Q

allographs

A

different letters or combinations of letters that represent the same phoneme : sh, s, ss, ch, ti, ci,x

39
Q

initial, medial and final

A

used to denote sound locations at the beginning, middle and end of a word

40
Q

releasing sound

A

syllable initial, the sound at the beginning of a syllable is said to release the syllable

41
Q

arresting sound

A

a sound at the end of a syllable is said to arrest the syllable

42
Q

prevocalic

A

notes that a sound occurs before a given vowel

43
Q

postvocalic

A

denotes that a sound occurs after a given vowel

44
Q

geminate

A

from Latin geminus meaning twin- sounds occur together as a pair, or 2 adjacent sounds are the same such as bookkeeper- two ks are but not the two vowels

45
Q

syllable

A

a unit of spoken language that in its most general form is comprised of a syllable nucleus with optional initial and final margins

46
Q

onset

A

initial margin is also referred to as a releasing consonant

47
Q

coda

A

final margin is also referred to as an arresting consonant

48
Q

open syllable

A

one that does not end in a consonant: law, see, throw, spry

49
Q

closed syllable

A

one that ends with a consonant: lot, seep, sprite, throat

50
Q

syllabary

A

a phonetic writing system that uses symbols to represent syllables rather than individual sounds

51
Q

diphthongs

A

combined vowels such as the oy in boy

52
Q

language

A

a socially shared code, a system for representing concepts or thoughts through use of arbitrary symbols

53
Q

5 definite characteristics of all languages

A

SYMBOLS: all languages use symbols
LIMITED SET OF SOUNDS : (english has 42)
VOCABULARY: all languages have lexicons or dictionaries of words and their meanings
RULES FOR LINKING WORDS AND PARTS OF WORDS (morphemes) together and meaning of what is being said
RULES FOR USING LANGUAGE IN A SOCIAL CONTEXT (includes prosody)

Phonetics (2 decks)

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