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Foam Firefighting > Chapters 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Chapters 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Heat is described as

A

a condition of matter in motion

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2
Q

What the 5 general heat categories

A

chemical, electrical, mechanical, nuclear, solar

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3
Q

Which fibrous material are poor conductors?

A

felt, cloth, and paper ( they are heat insulators)

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4
Q

Fire spread by convection is mostly in what direction?

A

Upward, however air currents can carry heat in any direction.

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5
Q

Although it appears to the eye that solids and liquids burn only___________. burn

A

gases

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6
Q

Fuel gases evolving from solid fuels ( decomposition of a substance through the action of heat)

A

Pyrolysis (sublimation)

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7
Q

What are the 4 classes of fire

A

Class A ordinary combustible
Class B flammable combustible liquid
Class C energized electrical
Class D combustible metals

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8
Q

What are the four methods of extinguishing a fire?

A
  1. reducing temp
  2. eliminating available fuel
  3. excluding oxygen
  4. stopping the uninhibited chemical chain reaction
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9
Q

Finished foam extinguishes and/or prevents fire by what methods?

A

separating, cooling, suppressing ( smothering)

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10
Q

Class B foam concentrates are designed specifically for which type of fuel?

A

Hydrocarbons ( will not extinguish polar solvent fuel)

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11
Q

What is the storage life of class A foam?

A

indefinite

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12
Q

What are the 3 ratios of foam expansion

A

low expansion 20:1

med 20:1 - 200:1

high 200:1 - 1,000:1

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13
Q

When using foam and dry chemical agents is called?

A

multi agent attack

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14
Q

Why should caution be taken when using Class A foam that might get into a waterway?

A

The lethal effect it has on fish

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15
Q

What is the measurement for determining the stability of finished foam?

A

The rate at which the foam blanket drains ( breakdown)

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16
Q

Short drain time means?

A

rapid wetting

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17
Q

Long drain time means?

A

foam blanket holds water and provides and insulating foam layer for an extended period of time.

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18
Q

What elements affect the drainage process?

A

Fuel temperature

heat of the fire

size of the flame front ( ambient temp and wind)

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19
Q

Which finished foam ratio (class A) has a quicker knockdown?

A

Low expansion

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20
Q

What temperature does finished foam breakdown?

A

near and over 212 degrees F

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21
Q

What can affect regular protein foam?

A

Freezing and thawing

also not compatible with dry chemical agents.

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22
Q

What is oleophobic?

A

oil shedding

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23
Q

Which foam can be used with freshwater or saltwater?

A

Film Forming Fluroprotein Foam (FFFP)

Aqueos Film Forming Foam (AFFF)

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24
Q

What is the most commonly used concentrate used today?

A

AFFF

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25
Q

AFFF is adversely affected by fuels in excess of ___degrees F

A

140

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26
Q

Project Light water originated where?

A

U.S. Navy the 3M company later trademarked the term

LIGHT WATER

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27
Q

Which foam concentrates create a membrane rather than a film over the fuel?

A

Alcohol Resistance Aqueos Film Forming Foam

AR-AFFF

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28
Q

Can AR-AFFF be premixed?

A

no , not designed for premixed applications

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29
Q

Which hydrocarbons can AR-AFFF be used in sub-surface injection?

A

Gasoline, Krosene, and jet propulsion fuels

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30
Q

Which classes of fire are emulsifiers used on?

A

Class A and B

emulsifiers are designed to mix with the fuel, breaking into small droplets.

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31
Q

What is the purpose of doubling?

A

slows foam drainage when dealing with post fuel fire

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32
Q

What is the most common storage containers (foam) used by fire and emergency services?

A

5 gallon plastic pails

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33
Q

How are 5 gallon foam pails tested?

A

designed to pass several 4 foot drop tests with contents frozen.

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34
Q

Foam proportioning devices operate by one of two basic principles.

A

Induction and Injection

35
Q

What are the four types of portable foam eductors?

A
  1. In-line
  2. self educting hand line foam nozzles
  3. self educting master stream foam nozzle
  4. portable around the pump proportions
36
Q

Experts in the foam industry and fire service consider which type to be the most efficient pieces?

A

simple in-line foam educator

  • should not be higher than 6 feet form the concentrate container form which it is drawing
37
Q

Portable around the pump (ATP) proportioners operate on which side of the engine?

A

on the suction or SUPPLY side of the pump , rather that the discharge side of the pump.

38
Q

What psi will shut down an ATP down?

A

more than 14.7 psi

must maintain incoming supply pressure @ 10 psi or less

39
Q

Installed in-line eductors are most commonly used to proportion which type of foam concentrate?

A

Class B

40
Q

What is the most common type of built in proportioner installed in mobile fire apparatus today?

A

Around the Pump (ATP)

  • also installed on some fixed systems
41
Q

What is the simplest means to proportion foam?

A

Batch mixing

42
Q

What are the four types of chemical reactions?

A
  1. Heat of combustion
  2. Spontaneous heating
  3. Heat of decomposition
  4. Heat of solution
43
Q

What materials according to author make good conductors?

A

aluminum , copper, and iron

44
Q

The cause of heat movement through structures from floor to floor , room to room , and area to area?

A

convections currents

45
Q

What is the primary consideration on regarding ignitability?

A

surface to mass ratio

46
Q

What does the density of a solid determine?

A

the rate at which the solid absorbs heat and reaches it IGNITION TEMP

47
Q

Every basic hydrocarbon except the lightest one, has a vapor density greater than 1. What is the lightest one?

A

Methane

48
Q

The higher the vapor pressure of a liquid, the greater the rate at which it evaporates and?

A

the lower its boiling point becomes

49
Q

A fuel may be classified as either flammable or combustible depending on?

A

Flashpoint

50
Q

What is fire point?

A

fuel produces enough vapor to support combustion once its ignited.

usually a few degrees above flashpoint

flashpoint is the LFL of the fue

51
Q

NFPA determine flammable & combustible liquids differences

A

flammable less than 100 degeesF

combustible more than 100 degrees F

52
Q

Fire burns in two combustion modes they are?

A

flaming and smoldering

53
Q

At what point does a fire intensity begin to decrease?

A

below 18% oxygen concentration

oxygen concentrations below 15% do not support combustion

54
Q

What is burning in a Rollover ( Flame over)

A

the gases

55
Q

Fires have been known to reach the flashover stage in less than?

A

2 minutes, but can occur as late as 8 minutes as well.

56
Q

Polar solvents are?

A

Flammable liquids that have an attraction for water and are miscible ( dissolve in water)

57
Q

examples of polar solvents

A 
alcohols 
acetones
esters
aldehydes
ether
58
Q

Combustible metals are particularly hazardous in what form?

A

powdered , given a suitable ignition source can cause powerful explosions

59
Q

What is the safest extinguishment procedure when dealing with Class C fires?

A

Turning off the power

then treat as a Class A or B fire

60
Q

What percent foam concentrate should you use for fire attack & overhaul with a standard fog nozzle?

A

0.2 to 0.5%

61
Q

Protein based foam concentrates degrade at what rate?

A

2 to 8 days

62
Q

Synthetic foam concentrates degrade at what rate?

A

20-40 days

63
Q

Foams with a ____can be used for fixed systems subsurface injection into storage tanks.

A

high fuel resistance

AFFF, FFFP, Fluoroprotein foams posses a fuel resistance that prevents contamination of foam

64
Q

What type of foam is referred to as smart foam?

A

Alcohol resistant

they adjust their chemistry when they detect a polar solvent

65
Q

What is meant by Quarter life?

A

Time in minutes for 1/4 of the total liquid solution to drain from the finished foam.

also called 25% drainage time , or

Quarter drain time

66
Q

Class B foam concentrates are used at what percentage?

A

3% hydrocarbons

6% polar solvents

new multipurpose concentrates use 3% regardless of fuel types

67
Q

What should be the application rate when using AFFF, FFFP, or AR-AFFF?

A

discharge rate should be equal to 10% of the area of the spill.

68
Q

Foam breaks down rapidly as the fuel temperature rises and will perhaps become ineffective when the fuel’s temperature is near or over

A

150 degrees

69
Q

Most finished foam breaks down when the fuel temperature is near or over

A

212 degrees

70
Q

UL-Listed foam concentrates must be pourable and easily proportioned at temperatures as low as

A

35 degrees

71
Q

Viscosity is affected by?

A

temperature

72
Q

The amount of Foam concentrates on fire and emergency service pumpers range from

A

20 - 200 gallons

73
Q

ARFF apparatus my carry foam concentrates in excess of

A

600 gallons

74
Q

AR-AFFF is prone to

A

evaporation

75
Q

Foam tenders capacity ranges from

A

1500-8000 gallons

76
Q

5 gallons foam pails are designed to pass several drops tests at

A

4-foot with contents frozen

77
Q

Foam barrels are designed to withstand falls from

A

5 feet with contents frozen

78
Q

One of the most common gasses released by pyrolysis?

A

Carbon Monoxide - CO

79
Q

Flashover temperature ranges between

A

900 - 1200 degrees F

80
Q

The ignition temperature of Carbon Monoxide is

A

1,128 degrees F

81
Q

Water requires approximately _____ of additional heat to completely turn into steam

A

970 Btu

82
Q

At 212 degrees F a cubic foot of water expands approx.

A

1,700 times

83
Q

At 500 degrees F a cubic foot of water expands

A

2,400 times

84
Q

At 1,200 degrees F a cubic foot of water expands

A

4,200 times

Foam Firefighting (1 decks)

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