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Psychology 100 > Chapters 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Chapters 1 & 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

How we know and learn things

A

Epistemology

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2
Q

Blank slate
Ideas stored in memory
Mind is a collection of ideas

A

Empirical Approach

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3
Q

Mind responds to external events

A

Deterministic

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4
Q

True knowledge comes from reflection

A

Rational Approach

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5
Q

Born with knowledge of these truths

A

Nativism

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6
Q

1400s-1600s

Age of global exploration, arts & literature

A

The Renaissance

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7
Q

1700s
Rise of humanism
Reason and education
Natural sciences develop

A

The Enlightenment

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8
Q

1800s

A

Biology

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9
Q

Electrical basis of nerve impulses

A

Johannes Miller

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10
Q

Measured speed of nerve impulses

A

Herman Helmholtz

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11
Q

Reacting to stimuli
Only study what you observe
Correction, not always cause/effect

A

S/R Psychology

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12
Q

You have to learn it

A

Extreme Environmentalism

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13
Q

Function of consciousness
Mind shaped by natural selection
Applying psychology to daily life

A

American Functional Psychology

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14
Q

Study of one subject

A

Case History

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15
Q

Tendency to make ourselves look good/please the investigator

A

Demand Characteristics

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16
Q

Personal observation of your own thoughts, feelings and behaviors

A

Introspection

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17
Q

Reason, spirit and appetite must be in balance

A

Plato

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18
Q

Body and mind are different and separate

A

Dualism

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19
Q

Body and mind are not separate (mind is the result of activity in the brain)

A

Monism

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20
Q

Innate factors

A

Nature

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21
Q

Experience

A

Nurture

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22
Q

First psychologist

Empiricalist

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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23
Q

Expanded on Wundt’s views to establish structuralism

A

Edward Titchener

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24
Q

Mind is broken into the smallest elements of mental experience

A

Structuralism

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25
Q

Saw experience as different than the sum of its elements

A

Gestalt Psychology

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26
Q

Saw behavior as purposeful and contributing to survival

More interested in why behavior and mental processes worked in a particular way

A

Functionalism

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27
Q

His ideas have become so dominant in psychology that we no longer refer to any separate functionalist approach

A

William James

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28
Q

Features the study and careful measurement of observable behaviors
Restricted their research to using animals

A

Behaviorism

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29
Q

Discovered the type of learning known as classical conditioning

A

Ivan Pavlov

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30
Q

Restricted psychology to the study of observable behavior

Advertisers continue to apply his principles of image

A

John B. Watson

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31
Q

Proposed a Law of Effect

Based his law on observations of cat’s behavior in a puzzle box he constructed

A

Edward Thorndike

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32
Q

Law of Effect

A

Suggested that behaviors followed by pleasant or helpful outcomes would be more likely to occur in the future, whereas behaviors followed by unpleasant or harmful outcomes would be less likely to occur

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33
Q

Interested in the effects of consequences on how frequently behaviors were performed

A

B.F. Skinner

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34
Q

Covers the very private and internal mental processes the behaviorists avoided studying
Info processing, thinking, reasoning, problem solving

A

Cognition

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35
Q

Seeks to identify brain structures and functions involved in processing information

A

Cognitive Neuroscience

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36
Q

Psychodynamic Theory
Combined and communicated ideas about the existence of the unconscious mind, the development of sexuality, dream analysis and psychological roots of abnormal behavior in such a way that his theories influenced culture

A

Sigmund Freud

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37
Q

Saw people as inherently good and motivated to learn and improve
Responsible for own actions

A

Humanistic Psychology

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38
Q

Studied as a whole

A

Holistic

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39
Q

Asked interesting questions about what made person good and introduced a major theory of motivation

A

Abraham Maslow

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40
Q

Developed a new approach to therapy, client-centered therapy

A

Carl Rogers

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41
Q

The people receiving treatment are referred to as clients rather than patients

A

Client-Centered Therapy

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42
Q

Focuses on the relationships between mind, behavior, and their underlying biological processes, including genetics, biochem, anatomy and physiology

A

Biological Psychology

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43
Q

Investigates how physical structure and behavior have been shaped by their contributions to survival and reproduction

A

Evolutionary Psychology

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44
Q

Investigates information processing, thinking, reasoning, and problem solving
Storage and retrieval of memories
Studies human thought processes

A

Cognitive Psychology

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45
Q

Examines the effects of the social environment on the behavior of individuals
Environment influences our thoughts, feelings and behavior

A

Social Psychology

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46
Q

The practices, values and goals shared by groups of people

A

Culture

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47
Q

Examines the normal changes in behavior that occur across the lifespan

A

Developmental Psychology

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48
Q

Seeks to explain, define and treat abnormal behaviors

A

Clinical Psychology

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49
Q

Investigates variations in behavior from one person to the next

A

Individual Differences

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50
Q

An individual’s characteristic way of thinking, feeling and behaving

A

Personality

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51
Q

A method for learning about reality through systematic observation and experimentation

A

Science

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52
Q

Conclusions are based on facts without influence from personal emotions or biases

A

Objectivity

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53
Q

Conclusions reflect personal points of view

A

Subjectivity

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54
Q

The ability to think clearly, rationally, and independently

A

Critical Thinking

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55
Q

A set of facts and relationships between facts that can explain and predict related phenomena

A

Theories

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56
Q

An in-depth analysis of the behavior of one person or a small number of people

A

Case Study

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57
Q 
An in-depth study of a phenomenon in its natural setting
Watches without intrusion 
Great for describing behaviors
Bad for determining cause
Must be observed repeatedly
A

Naturalistic Observation

58
Q

A descriptive method in which participants are asked the same questions

A

Survey

59
Q

A measure of the direction and strength of the relationship between two variables

A

Correlations

60
Q

A research method that tests hyptoheses and allows researchers to make conclusions about causality

A

Experiment

61
Q

A group of participants that is exposed to the independent variable

A

Experimental Group

62
Q

Each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any group in an experiment

A

Random Assignment

63
Q

A statistical analysis of many pervious experiments on the same topic

A

Meta-Analyses

64
Q

A measure leads to valid conclusions

A

Validity

65
Q

Consistency of a measure

A

Reliability

66
Q

A symmetrical probability function

A

Normal Distributions

67
Q

First to develop, last to be damaged in Oxygen loss

Contains; Medulla, Pons, Cerebellum, Reticular Formation

A

Hindbrain

68
Q

Emotion and motivation, around top of brain stem, implicit activities
Contains; Hypothalamus, Thalamus, Hippocampus, Amygdala, Nucleus Accumbens (Septal Area)

A

The Limbic System

69
Q

Receives input from many areas
Directs higher mental functions
Last to develop, most susceptible to damage

A

Association Cortex

70
Q

Study humans who have suffered damage after they have passed with autopsy

A

Neuropsychological Approach

71
Q

Proposed that the nervous system is organized as a hierarchy, with progressively more complicated behaviors being managed by more recently evolved and complex structures

A

John Hughlings Jackson

72
Q

A cell of the nervous system that is specialized for sending and receiving neural messages
Receives input, evaluates it, decides whether to transmit any information to neurons downstream

A

Neurons

73
Q

Supporting cells in the nervous system
Make it possible for the neurons to do their job effectively
Wraps around some axons to create myelin

A

Glia

74
Q

The branch of a neuron that is usually responsible for transmitting information to other neurons

A

Axon

75
Q

A branch from the neural cell body that usually receives input from other neurons

A

Dendrite

76
Q

The insulating material covering some axons

A

Myelin

77
Q

The electrical signal arising in a neuron’s axon
Travels the length of the axon from its junction with the cell body to its terminal
Happens in very small segment of the axon where it connects to the cell body

A

Action Potential

78
Q

The measure of the electrical charge across a neural membrane when the neuron is not processing information

A

Resting Potential

79
Q

Far apart

A

Polarized

80
Q

Moving closer together

A

Depolarized

81
Q

Moving even further apart

A

Hyper-polarized

82
Q

Duplication of the electrical signal down the length of the axon to the axon terminal, where it will initiate the release of chemical messengers

A

Propagations

83
Q

Works well but neural communication is not very fast or energy efficient
Forming action potentials at each section down the length of the axon is time consuming

A

Unmyelinated Propagation

84
Q

Fast and efficient
Current flows beneath a segment of myelin until it reaches a node of Ranvier
Uses less energy

A

Myelinated Propagation

85
Q

The point of communication between two neurons
Neurons do not touch physically but are separated by tiny gaps filled with extracellular fluid
Electrical signals are unable to jump gap so chemical messengers are used instead

A

Synapse

86
Q

A chemical messenger that communicates across a synapse

A

Neurotransmitters

87
Q

A special channel in the membrane of a neuron that interacts with neurotransmitters released by other neurons

A

Receptors

88
Q

A process in which molecules of a neurotransmitter in the synaptic gap are returned to the axon terminal from which they were released

A

Reuptake

89
Q

Neurotransmitter will slightly depolarize the receiving neuron, increasing the likelihood that the neuron will reach threshold and initiate an action potential

A

Excitatory Effect

90
Q

Neurotransmitter will slightly hyper polarize the receiving neuron, moving the cell farther from threshold and reducing the likelihood that it will initiate an action potential

A

Inhibitory Effect

91
Q

The neuron’s decision to generate an action potential or not

A

Summation

92
Q

Affects movement, memory, autonomic nervous system

A

Acetylcholine

93
Q

Affects arousal

A

Epinephrine (Adrenalin)

94
Q

Affects arousal

A

Norepinephrine

95
Q

Affects movement, planning, reward

A

Dopamine

96
Q

Affects mood, appetite, sleep

A

Serotonin

97
Q

Affects excitation of brain activity

A

Glutamate

98
Q

GABA

A

Affects inhibition of brain activity

99
Q

Endorphins

A

Affects Pain

100
Q

The brain and spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System

101
Q

A long cylinder of neural tissue extending from the medulla of the brain down the middle of the back, part of CNS

A

Spinal Cord

102
Q

The nerves exiting the CNS that carry sensory and motor information to and from the rest of the body
Somatic Nervous System & Autonomic Nervous System

A

Peripheral Nervous System

103
Q

Provide further protection to the spinal cord

A

Meninges

104
Q

Clear, plasma-like fluid the protects the brain and spinal cord
Floats the brain within the skull, preventing any false signals that might result from the weight of some neurons pressing down on others

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid

105
Q

Carry information from the external environment or from the body back to the CNS

A

Sensory Neurons

106
Q

Carry commands from the CNS back to the muscles and glands of the body

A

Motor Neurons

107
Q

Have neither sensory nor motor functions

Form bridges between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron

A

Interneurons

108
Q

The part of the brain containing the midbrain, pons and medulla

A

Brainstem

109
Q

Lies just above the spinal cord
Contains large bundles of axons traveling to and from higher levels of the brain
Manages heart rate, blood pressure, vital reflexes

A

Medulla

110
Q

Located between the medulla and midbrain

Contains structures involved with the management of sleep, arousal and facial expressions

A

Pons

111
Q

Attached to the brainstem that participates in skilled movement and complex cognitive psychology
Balance and motor coordination

A

Cerebellum

112
Q

Sits above the pons

Sensory reflexes, movement and pain

A

Midbrain

113
Q

Management of pain because it contains receptors for endorphins

A

Gray Matter of Midbrain

114
Q

Reduce the perception of pain by decreasing the strength of pain messages traveling up the spinal cord to the brain

A

Endorphins

115
Q

Collection of structures located along the midline of the brainstem that participate in mood, arousal and sleep
Keeps brain awake, otherwise causes comatose

A

Reticular Formation

116
Q

Processing of sensory information, states of arousal, learning and memory
Input from most sensory systems travel to the thalamus first

A

Thalamus

117
Q

Collection of large structures involved with voluntary movement that curve around to cup the thalamus
Receive input from all areas of the cerebral cortex and form motor structures
Sends info to cortex

A

Basal Ganglia

118
Q

A collection of structures involved with motivation and the regulation of temp, hunger, thirst, biological rhythms and sex
Controls pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus

119
Q

Essential to the formation of long-term memories

A

Hippocampus

120
Q

Forms a fold of tissue on the inner surface of each cerebral hemisphere

A

Cingulate Cortex

121
Q

Roles in decision making, emotion, anticipation of reward and empathy

A

Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC)

122
Q

Participates in memory and visual processing

A

Posterior Cingulate Cortex (PCC)

123
Q

In temporal lobe
Participate in emotional processing
Identifying, remembering and responding to fear and aggression
Monitors brain

A

Amygdala

124
Q

Participates in reward and addiction
Originates in cell bodies located in the midbrain
Related to a person’s sense of social inclusion
The pleasure center

A

Nucleus Accumbens

125
Q

A wide band of axons connecting the right and left cerebral hemispheres

A

Corpus Callosum

126
Q

Thin layer of neurons covering the outer surface of the cerebral hemispheres

A

Cerebral Cortex

127
Q

Primary motor cortex lobe

Broca’s

A

Frontal Lobe

128
Q

Participates in the production of speech

A

Broca’s

129
Q

Planning of behavior, attention, judgment

A

Prefrontal Cortex

130
Q

Part of the prefrontal cortex
Located behind the eyes
Important role in our emotional lives
One of last areas of brain to fully mature

A

Orbitofrontal Lobe

131
Q

Love that lies at the top of the head
Location of primary somatosensory cortex
Localize touch, pain, skin temp and body position
Input about taste and complex processing of vision

A

Parietal Lobe

132
Q

Back of the brain
Primary visual cortex
1 Pathway connecting it to temporal lobe to allow us to recognize objects we see
1 Pathway connecting it to the parietal lobe and allows us to process the movement of objects

A

Occipital Lobe

133
Q

Curves around the side of each hemisphere
Primary auditory cortex
Recognition of objects and the faces of familiar people

A

Temporal Lobe

134
Q

Good vocal but doesn’t make sense

A

Wernicke’s

135
Q

Localization of a function in either the right or left cerebral hemisphere (info processed by opposite sides of brain)
Ability to multitask

A

Lateralization

136
Q

Part of the PNS
Transmits commands for voluntary movement
Brings sensory input back to the CNS for processing
31 pairs of spinal nerves
12 pairs of cranial nerves

A

Somatic Nervous System

137
Q

Part of the PNS
Directs the activity of glands, organs and smooth muscles
Responsible for homeostasis
Ensures your heart keeps beating, lungs breathe, etc

A

Autonomic Nervous System

138
Q

Coordinates Arousal
Prepares body for situations requiring the expenditure of energy
Fight or flight

A

Sympathetic Division

139
Q

Associated with rest, repair and energy storage
Controls the glands and organs at times of relative calm
Store nutrients, repair body and return the activity of internal organs to baseline levels

A

Parasympathetic Division

140
Q

Provides a means by which the CNS can communicate with the body through the release of chemical messengers into the bloodstream (hormones)
Responds to input from the nervous system and from the hypothalamus

A

Endocrine System

Psychology 100 (4 decks)

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