Chapters 1 & 2 Flashcards
1
Q
How we know and learn things
A
Epistemology
2
Q
Blank slate
Ideas stored in memory
Mind is a collection of ideas
A
Empirical Approach
3
Q
Mind responds to external events
A
Deterministic
4
Q
True knowledge comes from reflection
A
Rational Approach
5
Q
Born with knowledge of these truths
A
Nativism
6
Q
1400s-1600s
Age of global exploration, arts & literature
A
The Renaissance
7
Q
1700s
Rise of humanism
Reason and education
Natural sciences develop
A
The Enlightenment
8
Q
1800s
A
Biology
9
Q
Electrical basis of nerve impulses
A
Johannes Miller
10
Q
Measured speed of nerve impulses
A
Herman Helmholtz
11
Q
Reacting to stimuli
Only study what you observe
Correction, not always cause/effect
A
S/R Psychology
12
Q
You have to learn it
A
Extreme Environmentalism
13
Q
Function of consciousness
Mind shaped by natural selection
Applying psychology to daily life
A
American Functional Psychology
14
Q
Study of one subject
A
Case History
15
Q
Tendency to make ourselves look good/please the investigator
A
Demand Characteristics
16
Q
Personal observation of your own thoughts, feelings and behaviors
A
Introspection
17
Q
Reason, spirit and appetite must be in balance
A
Plato
18
Q
Body and mind are different and separate
A
Dualism
19
Q
Body and mind are not separate (mind is the result of activity in the brain)
A
Monism
20
Q
Innate factors
A
Nature
21
Q
Experience
A
Nurture
22
Q
First psychologist
Empiricalist
A
Wilhelm Wundt
23
Q
Expanded on Wundt’s views to establish structuralism
A
Edward Titchener
24
Q
Mind is broken into the smallest elements of mental experience
A
Structuralism
25
Saw experience as different than the sum of its elements
Gestalt Psychology
26
Saw behavior as purposeful and contributing to survival
| More interested in why behavior and mental processes worked in a particular way
Functionalism
27
His ideas have become so dominant in psychology that we no longer refer to any separate functionalist approach
William James
28
Features the study and careful measurement of observable behaviors
Restricted their research to using animals
Behaviorism
29
Discovered the type of learning known as classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
30
Restricted psychology to the study of observable behavior
| Advertisers continue to apply his principles of image
John B. Watson
31
Proposed a Law of Effect
| Based his law on observations of cat's behavior in a puzzle box he constructed
Edward Thorndike
32
Law of Effect
Suggested that behaviors followed by pleasant or helpful outcomes would be more likely to occur in the future, whereas behaviors followed by unpleasant or harmful outcomes would be less likely to occur
33
Interested in the effects of consequences on how frequently behaviors were performed
B.F. Skinner
34
Covers the very private and internal mental processes the behaviorists avoided studying
Info processing, thinking, reasoning, problem solving
Cognition
35
Seeks to identify brain structures and functions involved in processing information
Cognitive Neuroscience
36
Psychodynamic Theory
Combined and communicated ideas about the existence of the unconscious mind, the development of sexuality, dream analysis and psychological roots of abnormal behavior in such a way that his theories influenced culture
Sigmund Freud
37
Saw people as inherently good and motivated to learn and improve
Responsible for own actions
Humanistic Psychology
38
Studied as a whole
Holistic
39
Asked interesting questions about what made person good and introduced a major theory of motivation
Abraham Maslow
40
Developed a new approach to therapy, client-centered therapy
Carl Rogers
41
The people receiving treatment are referred to as clients rather than patients
Client-Centered Therapy
42
Focuses on the relationships between mind, behavior, and their underlying biological processes, including genetics, biochem, anatomy and physiology
Biological Psychology
43
Investigates how physical structure and behavior have been shaped by their contributions to survival and reproduction
Evolutionary Psychology
44
Investigates information processing, thinking, reasoning, and problem solving
Storage and retrieval of memories
Studies human thought processes
Cognitive Psychology
45
Examines the effects of the social environment on the behavior of individuals
Environment influences our thoughts, feelings and behavior
Social Psychology
46
The practices, values and goals shared by groups of people
Culture
47
Examines the normal changes in behavior that occur across the lifespan
Developmental Psychology
48
Seeks to explain, define and treat abnormal behaviors
Clinical Psychology
49
Investigates variations in behavior from one person to the next
Individual Differences
50
An individual's characteristic way of thinking, feeling and behaving
Personality
51
A method for learning about reality through systematic observation and experimentation
Science
52
Conclusions are based on facts without influence from personal emotions or biases
Objectivity
53
Conclusions reflect personal points of view
Subjectivity
54
The ability to think clearly, rationally, and independently
Critical Thinking
55
A set of facts and relationships between facts that can explain and predict related phenomena
Theories
56
An in-depth analysis of the behavior of one person or a small number of people
Case Study
57
```
An in-depth study of a phenomenon in its natural setting
Watches without intrusion
Great for describing behaviors
Bad for determining cause
Must be observed repeatedly
```
Naturalistic Observation
58
A descriptive method in which participants are asked the same questions
Survey
59
A measure of the direction and strength of the relationship between two variables
Correlations
60
A research method that tests hyptoheses and allows researchers to make conclusions about causality
Experiment
61
A group of participants that is exposed to the independent variable
Experimental Group
62
Each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any group in an experiment
Random Assignment
63
A statistical analysis of many pervious experiments on the same topic
Meta-Analyses
64
A measure leads to valid conclusions
Validity
65
Consistency of a measure
Reliability
66
A symmetrical probability function
Normal Distributions
67
First to develop, last to be damaged in Oxygen loss
| Contains; Medulla, Pons, Cerebellum, Reticular Formation
Hindbrain
68
Emotion and motivation, around top of brain stem, implicit activities
Contains; Hypothalamus, Thalamus, Hippocampus, Amygdala, Nucleus Accumbens (Septal Area)
The Limbic System
69
Receives input from many areas
Directs higher mental functions
Last to develop, most susceptible to damage
Association Cortex
70
Study humans who have suffered damage after they have passed with autopsy
Neuropsychological Approach
71
Proposed that the nervous system is organized as a hierarchy, with progressively more complicated behaviors being managed by more recently evolved and complex structures
John Hughlings Jackson
72
A cell of the nervous system that is specialized for sending and receiving neural messages
Receives input, evaluates it, decides whether to transmit any information to neurons downstream
Neurons
73
Supporting cells in the nervous system
Make it possible for the neurons to do their job effectively
Wraps around some axons to create myelin
Glia
74
The branch of a neuron that is usually responsible for transmitting information to other neurons
Axon
75
A branch from the neural cell body that usually receives input from other neurons
Dendrite
76
The insulating material covering some axons
Myelin
77
The electrical signal arising in a neuron's axon
Travels the length of the axon from its junction with the cell body to its terminal
Happens in very small segment of the axon where it connects to the cell body
Action Potential
78
The measure of the electrical charge across a neural membrane when the neuron is not processing information
Resting Potential
79
Far apart
Polarized
80
Moving closer together
Depolarized
81
Moving even further apart
Hyper-polarized
82
Duplication of the electrical signal down the length of the axon to the axon terminal, where it will initiate the release of chemical messengers
Propagations
83
Works well but neural communication is not very fast or energy efficient
Forming action potentials at each section down the length of the axon is time consuming
Unmyelinated Propagation
84
Fast and efficient
Current flows beneath a segment of myelin until it reaches a node of Ranvier
Uses less energy
Myelinated Propagation
85
The point of communication between two neurons
Neurons do not touch physically but are separated by tiny gaps filled with extracellular fluid
Electrical signals are unable to jump gap so chemical messengers are used instead
Synapse
86
A chemical messenger that communicates across a synapse
Neurotransmitters
87
A special channel in the membrane of a neuron that interacts with neurotransmitters released by other neurons
Receptors
88
A process in which molecules of a neurotransmitter in the synaptic gap are returned to the axon terminal from which they were released
Reuptake
89
Neurotransmitter will slightly depolarize the receiving neuron, increasing the likelihood that the neuron will reach threshold and initiate an action potential
Excitatory Effect
90
Neurotransmitter will slightly hyper polarize the receiving neuron, moving the cell farther from threshold and reducing the likelihood that it will initiate an action potential
Inhibitory Effect
91
The neuron's decision to generate an action potential or not
Summation
92
Affects movement, memory, autonomic nervous system
Acetylcholine
93
Affects arousal
Epinephrine (Adrenalin)
94
Affects arousal
Norepinephrine
95
Affects movement, planning, reward
Dopamine
96
Affects mood, appetite, sleep
Serotonin
97
Affects excitation of brain activity
Glutamate
98
GABA
Affects inhibition of brain activity
99
Endorphins
Affects Pain
100
The brain and spinal cord
Central Nervous System
101
A long cylinder of neural tissue extending from the medulla of the brain down the middle of the back, part of CNS
Spinal Cord
102
The nerves exiting the CNS that carry sensory and motor information to and from the rest of the body
Somatic Nervous System & Autonomic Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
103
Provide further protection to the spinal cord
Meninges
104
Clear, plasma-like fluid the protects the brain and spinal cord
Floats the brain within the skull, preventing any false signals that might result from the weight of some neurons pressing down on others
Cerebrospinal Fluid
105
Carry information from the external environment or from the body back to the CNS
Sensory Neurons
106
Carry commands from the CNS back to the muscles and glands of the body
Motor Neurons
107
Have neither sensory nor motor functions
| Form bridges between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron
Interneurons
108
The part of the brain containing the midbrain, pons and medulla
Brainstem
109
Lies just above the spinal cord
Contains large bundles of axons traveling to and from higher levels of the brain
Manages heart rate, blood pressure, vital reflexes
Medulla
110
Located between the medulla and midbrain
| Contains structures involved with the management of sleep, arousal and facial expressions
Pons
111
Attached to the brainstem that participates in skilled movement and complex cognitive psychology
Balance and motor coordination
Cerebellum
112
Sits above the pons
| Sensory reflexes, movement and pain
Midbrain
113
Management of pain because it contains receptors for endorphins
Gray Matter of Midbrain
114
Reduce the perception of pain by decreasing the strength of pain messages traveling up the spinal cord to the brain
Endorphins
115
Collection of structures located along the midline of the brainstem that participate in mood, arousal and sleep
Keeps brain awake, otherwise causes comatose
Reticular Formation
116
Processing of sensory information, states of arousal, learning and memory
Input from most sensory systems travel to the thalamus first
Thalamus
117
Collection of large structures involved with voluntary movement that curve around to cup the thalamus
Receive input from all areas of the cerebral cortex and form motor structures
Sends info to cortex
Basal Ganglia
118
A collection of structures involved with motivation and the regulation of temp, hunger, thirst, biological rhythms and sex
Controls pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
119
Essential to the formation of long-term memories
Hippocampus
120
Forms a fold of tissue on the inner surface of each cerebral hemisphere
Cingulate Cortex
121
Roles in decision making, emotion, anticipation of reward and empathy
Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC)
122
Participates in memory and visual processing
Posterior Cingulate Cortex (PCC)
123
In temporal lobe
Participate in emotional processing
Identifying, remembering and responding to fear and aggression
Monitors brain
Amygdala
124
Participates in reward and addiction
Originates in cell bodies located in the midbrain
Related to a person's sense of social inclusion
The pleasure center
Nucleus Accumbens
125
A wide band of axons connecting the right and left cerebral hemispheres
Corpus Callosum
126
Thin layer of neurons covering the outer surface of the cerebral hemispheres
Cerebral Cortex
127
Primary motor cortex lobe
| Broca's
Frontal Lobe
128
Participates in the production of speech
Broca's
129
Planning of behavior, attention, judgment
Prefrontal Cortex
130
Part of the prefrontal cortex
Located behind the eyes
Important role in our emotional lives
One of last areas of brain to fully mature
Orbitofrontal Lobe
131
Love that lies at the top of the head
Location of primary somatosensory cortex
Localize touch, pain, skin temp and body position
Input about taste and complex processing of vision
Parietal Lobe
132
Back of the brain
Primary visual cortex
1 Pathway connecting it to temporal lobe to allow us to recognize objects we see
1 Pathway connecting it to the parietal lobe and allows us to process the movement of objects
Occipital Lobe
133
Curves around the side of each hemisphere
Primary auditory cortex
Recognition of objects and the faces of familiar people
Temporal Lobe
134
Good vocal but doesn't make sense
Wernicke's
135
Localization of a function in either the right or left cerebral hemisphere (info processed by opposite sides of brain)
Ability to multitask
Lateralization
136
Part of the PNS
Transmits commands for voluntary movement
Brings sensory input back to the CNS for processing
31 pairs of spinal nerves
12 pairs of cranial nerves
Somatic Nervous System
137
Part of the PNS
Directs the activity of glands, organs and smooth muscles
Responsible for homeostasis
Ensures your heart keeps beating, lungs breathe, etc
Autonomic Nervous System
138
Coordinates Arousal
Prepares body for situations requiring the expenditure of energy
Fight or flight
Sympathetic Division
139
Associated with rest, repair and energy storage
Controls the glands and organs at times of relative calm
Store nutrients, repair body and return the activity of internal organs to baseline levels
Parasympathetic Division
140
Provides a means by which the CNS can communicate with the body through the release of chemical messengers into the bloodstream (hormones)
Responds to input from the nervous system and from the hypothalamus
Endocrine System
