Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Motor Speech Exam 1 > Chapters 1&2 > Flashcards

Chapters 1&2 Flashcards

0
Q

Describe cognitive-linguistic process

A

The aspect of speech production involving intention to communicate which is organized into the verbal symbols that follow the rules of language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What are the three neurological processes involved in speech production?

A

Cognitive-linguistic, motor speech programming, neuromuscular execution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is motor speech programming,

A

The planning of speech production. It is the intended communication that needs to be executed by the neuromuscular system. Speaker selects and organizes the sensorimotor programs that cause appropriate speech muscles to be activated at the right time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define neuromuscular execution

A

The CNS and PNS innervate necessary muscles of respiration, phonation, articulation, and resonance.
This is the actual work that the speech muscles do.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the difference in apraxia and dysarthria?

A

Apraxia is a motor speech planning disorder which results in inconsistent errors in speech.
Dysarthria is a neuromuscular execution disorder resulting in slow, effortful speech.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are some characteristics of dysarthria?

A

Paralysis, weakness or uncoordinated speech musculature. Combinations of these symptoms determine which kind of dysarthria you have.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

True or false: Dysarthria affects only prosody.

A

False. It affects all the subsystems involved in speech: respiration, phonation, articulation, resonance and speech.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where are potential sites of lesion for dysarthria

A

Upper motor neuron system (CNS)
OR
Lower motor neuron system (PNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name different types of dysarthrias.

A

Flaccid, spastic, ataxic, hyperkinetic, hypo kinetic, mixed, and upper motor dysarthria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

True or false: Apraxia occurs in the absence of weakness.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

True or false. Apraxia, aphasia and dysarthria can all co-occur.

A

True. However, it’s more common for apraxia and aphasia to co-occur.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

True or false: If a patient needs to be assessed for aphasia, there is no need to assess them for anything else.

A

False. If a patient has any of the three (aphasia, apraxia or dysarthria), they should be assessed for all three.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where does apraxia damage occur?

A

In and around the motor planning area.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where does dysarthria damage occur?

A

Cranial nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which subsystems are affected by apraxia?

A

Articulation and prosody. Apraxics also have difficulty initiating conversation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why is prosody affected if a person has apraxia?

A

Because the continuous stopping they have due to the errors they make.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the various courses a disease can take.

A

Transient-symptoms don’t last; disappear completely
Improving-things are improving but the symptoms are still there
Progressive-symptoms get worse
Exacerbating-remitting-symptoms occur, get better, then get worse, then better again, and then worse again
Stationary- symptoms don’t change after reaching maximum severity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

True or false: the motor speech disorder takes the course of the disease

A

True. Treatment goals also depend on the nature/course of the disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the different types of development for symptoms?

A

Acute: right away.
Subacute: within days.
Chronic: within months.
Most disorders are chronic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the parts to the CNS?

A

Brain: cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem.

Spinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does the cerebellum consist of and what does it do?

A

It consists of 3 lobes: anterior, posterior and flacconodular. It has left and right hemispheres as well as a mid portion called the vermis. It’s job is to modify cortical activity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does the brain stem consist of and what do they each do?

A

Midbrain-links cerebrum to brain stem
Pons-links to cerebellum
Medulla-controls respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the four anatomic levels in the CNS?

A

Supratentorial, Posterior, Spinal Cord, Peripheral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What makes up the supratentorial level?

A

Anterior lobe and middle fossa of the cerebellum; cranial nerves 1 & 2; all the cortical areas (4 lobes in the brain); thalamus; hypothalamus; basal ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is a fossa and how many does the skull have? Where are they each located?

A

A fossa is a ditch. There are three in the skull: anterior, middle, and posterior.
Anterior and middle are the on supratentorial anatomic level
Posterior fossa is in the posterior anatomic level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are foramina? Name a major one.

A

Foramina are holes in the skull where nerves exit. Such as the spinal cord which exits through the foramina magnum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

True or False: Cranial nerves are part of the CNS.

A

False. They start in the brain stem but are considered PNS

27
Q

The spinal cord begins at _______ and ends at _____.

A

Begins at: end of medulla

Ends at: first lumbar vertebrae

28
Q

Why is bilateral innervation so important for cranial nerves?

A

So that if there is damage to one, the desired muscle can still get input from the other.

29
Q

Where do the cranial nerves originate?

A

Brainstem

30
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges?

A

Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Pia Mater

31
Q

What are three spaces around the meninges?

Which of these connect to the inner part of the brain? (And why!)

A

Epidural, Subdural and Subarachnoid spaces. The subarachnoid space is filled with CSF and is connected to the inner brain via the ventricular system.

32
Q

What is another name for the ventricular system? And what are ventricles filled with?

A

Cerebrospinal system; ventricles are filled with CSF

33
Q

What does the vascular system do?

A

Removes waste, provides oxygen/nutrients.

34
Q

Where does the brain receive blood from?

A

The carotid and vertebral arteries which join to make the basilar artery, at the circle of Willis at the base of the brain.

35
Q

True or false: vascular disturbances have no effect on speech.

A

False: they can cause motor speech disorders

36
Q

Describe the difference in fibers in the CNS and those in the PNS

A

In the CNS, fibers are called pathways/tracts. In the PNS, they are called nerves. Tracts carry impulses to other neurons, nerves carry impulses to muscles

37
Q

Describe the three types of glial cells.

A

Oligodendroglia-form myelin in the CNS.

Schwann-form myelin in the PNS

Astrocytes-found in CNS, help love substances between blood and neurons of CNS. Path of the blood-brain barrier that keeps toxins out.

38
Q

What are some reasons neurons can be damaged?

A

Lack of oxygen/disruption to blood supply.; axons may become separated from the cell bodies; myelin can shrink due to degenerative demyelinating diseases.

39
Q

Describe the different kinds of localizations of lesions.

A

Focal-at one point.
Mutlifocal-at many points.
Diffuse-bilateral parts of the nervous system, where there is a generalized cerebral atrophy

40
Q

Describe the different etiologies of Motor-Speech Disorders.

A

Degenerative-gradual decline in neuronal function
Inflammatory-meningitis
Toxic-due to vitamin deficiencies, drug toxicity
Neoplastic-rumors
Traumatic-gunshot, car accident
Vascular-CVA

41
Q

What kind of lesion and course of disease does a stroke result in?

A

Focal lesion, acute disease

42
Q

True or false: upper morons cause atrophy.

A

False; only lower motor neurons cause atrophy.

43
Q

Describe the difference between upper and lower motor neurons.

A

(Make the chart)

44
Q

What is final common pathway?

A

These are the lower motor neurons. They synapse with the muscles resulting in volitional actions, such as speech

45
Q

Name the different kinds of muscle innervation.

A

Bilateral-receives innervation from both sides
Unilateral-receives innervation from only one side.
Contralateral-opposite side
Ipsilateral-same side

46
Q

What are some diagnostic indications of lower motor neuron damage?

A

Fasciculations, atrophy, and some weakness

47
Q

Name the muscles the 5th nerve innervates.

A

Sensory: face, mouth, jaw, tongue
Motor: muscles of mastication, tensor tympani, tensor veil palatine, mylohyoid

48
Q

What can bilateral lesions in the trigeminal nerve do? Unilateral lesions?

A

Bilateral-jaw drops too low

Unilateral-jaw deviates to weak side

49
Q

What does the facial nerve innervate? Is it bilateral all the way?

A

Muscles of facial expression; and no, it’s contralateral to the lower face.

50
Q

What does the glossopharyngeal nerve innervate?

A

Stylopharyngeaus;

Also sends sensory info from eustachian Tube, pharynx and tongue.

51
Q

What are three branches of the vagus nerve? Which muscles do they each innervate?

A

Pharyngeal, superior laryngeal, and recurrent laryngeal nerves.

52
Q

Accessory nerves does not innervate which of the following?

Pharynx, intrinsic laryngeal muscles, lavatory veil palatini

A

Pharynx

53
Q

Which muscles does the hypoglossal innervate? Which nerve is it?

A

It is the 12th cranial nerve. It innervates all muscles of the tongue except the palatoglossus.

54
Q

What symptoms can you expect to see with damage to the hypoglossal nerve?

A

Atrophy, fasciculation, and weakness in the tongue.

55
Q

Which tongue muscle does not receive bilateral innervation? What does that muscle do?

A

Genioglossus.

56
Q

True or false: Deviations always occur on the weak side.

A

True. However, the weaker side may not necessarily be the side with the lesion.

57
Q

Which two pathways make up the upper motor neuron system?

A

Direct activation pathway and Indirect activation pathway.

58
Q

Which two tracts make up the direct activation pathway?

A

Corticobulbar and corticospinal

59
Q

Describe the effect of unilateral and bilateral lesions in the UMN system.

A

Bilateral lesions have more severe impacts on speech.

In a unilateral lesion, the weakness will be contralateral to the lesion.

60
Q

Name two major differences in the DAP and the IAP.

A

DAP-has no stops, and clear actions of what it does.

IAP-stops along the way, ambiguous idea of it’s functions.

61
Q

Describe the differences in signs of lesions in DAP and IAP.

A

Look at table 2-7, on 39.

62
Q

What are control circuits? What do they do?

A

Made up of the basal ganglia and cerebellum. Help integrate/control structures involved in motor movement.

63
Q

Damage to the basal ganglia can result in what kinds of dysarthria?

A

Hypokinetic or hyperkinetic.

64
Q

Damage to the cerebellum can result in which kind of dysarthria?

A

Ataxic.

Motor Speech Exam 1 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions