Chapters 1-2 Flashcards
CA
Calcium
Si
silicon
C
carbon
I
iodine
Ag
silver
Fe
iron
Hg
mercury
Au
gold
What limitation of science prevents the study of origins from being true science?
Science can study only created matter and energy in the present.
Who proposed the planetary model of the atom?
Ernest Rutherford
What value does the prefix micro- represent?
substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by ordinary chemical means, each one has an atomic symbol assigned to it
element
group of two or more atoms that are linked by chemical bonds to form distinct units, notated as a subscript
molecule
substance that can be decomposed by chemical means into simpler substances,
compound
Which state of matter is defined by having a definite volume and the shape of its container
liquid
Which state of matter is defined as having no definite shape or volume and being easily compressed
gas
Matter reacts to change into other chemically different substances having different properties
chemical properties
What subatomic particle does NOT have a charge?
neutron
Which subatomic particle was Millikan’s oil-drop experiment used to measure the charge of?
electron
Which subatomic particle is NOT found in the nucleus
electron
Which branch of Chemistry is the study of carbon-containing compounds
organic chemistry
Which branch of chemistry deals with identifying what substances are present in materials and how much of each substance is present?
analytical chemistry
Name three principals of Dalton’s atomic theory.
- Ever element consists of indivisible, indestructible particles called atoms.
- All atoms of a particular element have the same size, mass, and chemical behavior.
- The atoms of the elements in a compound are combined in a definite ratio.
Which number in an atomic symbol gives the number of protons?
the atomic number - the subscript or bottom number
What does the superscript or top number of an atomic symbol tell us?
mass number
How do you find the number of neutrons from an atomic sympbol?
Subtract the subscript or atomic number from the superscript or mass number
How do you find the number of electrons?
If neutral, the same as the number of protons or atomic numbers; if positive, subtract the charge from the number of protons since it needs fewer electrons; if negative, add the charge to the number of protons since it needs more electrons
To convert scientific notation with a positive exponent to ordinary notation, move the decimal point to the ___.
right
To convert scientific notation with a negative exponent to ordinary notation, move the decimal point to the ___.
left
The law stating that the massess of each element in a given compound always have the same ratio is the law of
definite composition
The value that equals an element’s average atomic mass but lacks units is the element’s
atomic weight
A general explanation of why some part of the universe behaves the way it does
theory
Chemists in two different labs completed the same experiment with the same methods and achieved results that were the same within significant digits demonstrate ___.
reproducibility
As the temperature of a sample of matter increases, the kinect energy of its particles will ___.
increase
The idea that refers to the consistency of reproduciblity or a measurement is ___.
precision
What method of separating mixtures involves placing a drop of the mixture to be separated on a piece of absorbent paper and placing one edge of the paper in a suitable chemical solvent?
chromatography
What method of separating mixtures involves dissolving a solid mixture in a small volume of hot solvent and slowly cooking it?
fractional crystaillization
What is the rule for significant digits in addition and subtraction?
round your answer to the last place that is significat in the least certain measurement.
What is the rule for significant digits in multiplication and division?
round your answer to the same number of significant digits as the factor having smallest number of significant digits.
The average of a series of measurements should …
NOT have more significant digits than the measured values
When defining a problem, what else needs to be identified?
the criteria and constraints based on the function and limitations
Which state of matter has kinetic energy?
gas
Name three signs of chemical change
distinct change in color; formation of a precipitate, liberation of heat
Who can a physical change be reversed?
physical process
In dimensional analysis, what value should a conversion factor always equal?
one
One what principal do scientists base the assumption that events in the universe have rational causes?
causality
What theory states that a chemical reaction is the result of rearrangement, combination, or separation of atoms?
Dalton’s atomic theory
What technique spearates substances with similar boiling points by boiling the mixture beneath a tall column containing many surfaces on which vapor may condes?
fractional distillation
What is the central portion of an atom that contains the most mass called?
nucleus
What field of science deals with the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter and with the changes that matter undergoes?
chemistry
What instrument is used to measure atomic mass?
mass spectrometer
What is a substance consisting of two or more pure substances physically mixed but not chemically combined?
mixture
What is the bet explanation for why scientists concluded that electrons are part of every atom?
Cathode rays have the same properties regardless of cathode material.
What step follows defining a problem?
Determining a design based on the criteria and constraints
factor in an experiment that is changed to test the hypotheses
independent variable
Which type of variable is observed or measured to determine the results of an experiment
dependent variable
