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Bio 181 > chapters 1-2 > Flashcards

chapters 1-2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define deductive reasoning

A

when general observations and premises lead to specific results and predictions

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2
Q

describe electrons and their charge

A

electrons are subatomic particles that determine the chemical reactions and have a negative charge

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3
Q

order of the first three steps of the scientific method

A

observe, hypothesis, and experiment

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4
Q

order of the last three steps of the scientific method

A

analysis, conclusion, and communicate results

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5
Q

define ionic bond

A

the attraction between two oppositely charged ions

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6
Q

which bond is easily broken

A

hydrogen bond

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7
Q

define polar covalent bonds

A

bonds with unequal sharing of electrons

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8
Q

water is a ____ molecule

A

polar

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9
Q

define biology

A

the scientific study of life, also known as a multidisciplinary science drawing on insights from other sciences

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10
Q

what are the five unifying themes in biology

A

organization, information, energy and matter, interactions, and evolution

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11
Q

what is the ecological organization from smallest to largest

A

molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and biosphere

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12
Q

define biosphere

A

life on earth, atmosphere

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13
Q

define ecosystem

A

all living things in a particular area

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14
Q

define communities

A

group of organisms in a specific ecosystem

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15
Q

define population

A

individuals of a species living in a specific area

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16
Q

define organisms

A

individual living things composed of matter

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17
Q

define organs

A

body part made of tissues with specific function

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18
Q

define tissues

A

group of cells that work together

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19
Q

define cells

A

life’s fundamental unit of structure and function, all cells are membrane bound

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20
Q

define organelles

A

functional components of a cell

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21
Q

define molecules

A

chemical structure

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22
Q

what is the cell theory

A

all living organisms are made from cells

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23
Q

define eukarya cells

A

includes all eukaryotic organisms; including plants, fungi, animals, protists

24
Q

define prokaryote cells

A

known as cells of bacteria and archaea

25
Q

define inquiry

A

the search for information and explanations of natural phenomena

26
Q

define inductive reasoning

A

repeating specific observations can lead to important generalizations, draws conclusions through logical process of induction

27
Q

define controlled experiment

A

compares an experimental group with a control group, the control groups are used to cancel the effects of unwanted variables, this does not mean that all unwanted variables are kept constant

28
Q

dependent variable versus the independent variable

A

the independent variable (x-axis) is the cause, and the dependent variable (y-axis) is the effect; the independent variable is being controlled and the dependent variable is the one that changes because of the control

29
Q

define theory

A

broader scope than a hypothesis, general and can lead to new testable hypotheses, supported by a large body of evidence in comparison to a hypotheses

30
Q

define matter

A

matter takes up space and has mass, made up of elements

31
Q

define element

A

substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions

32
Q

define compound

A

a substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio

33
Q

what determines an atom’s identity

A

the number of protons

34
Q

what does an atom’s electron distribution determine

A

its ability to form bonds

35
Q

what are the four main elements that make up 96% of all living matter

A

hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen

36
Q

what are the three subatomic particles and their charges

A

neutrons (neutral charge n0) protons (positive charge p+) electrons (negative charge e-)

37
Q

how do you find an elements atomic number

A

the number of protons

38
Q

how do you find an elements mass number

A

the sum of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus

39
Q

how do you find an elements atomic mass

A

approximated by the mass number

40
Q

define valence electrons

A

the electrons located at the outermost shell of an atom, elements with a full valence shell are chemically inert

41
Q

define isotopes

A

two atoms of an element that differ in the number of neutrons

42
Q

define radioactive isotopes

A

isotopes that decay spontaneously, giving off particles and energy

43
Q

define covalent bonds

A

the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms, nonpolar is equal sharing and polar is unequal sharing

44
Q

define electronegativity

A

an atoms attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond

45
Q

strongest bonds in organisms

A

covalent bonds

46
Q

weak bonds in organisms include

A

ionic and hydrogen bonds

47
Q

define hydrogen bond

A

when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom

48
Q

explain van der waals interactions

A

attractions between molecules that are close together as a result of these charges, interactions can be strong

49
Q

define reactants and products

A

reactants are starting molecules and products are final molecules

50
Q

what are the three domains of life

A

bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes

51
Q

two important qualities of a scientific hypothesis

A

must be testable and falsifiable

52
Q

biological science cannot be done without

A

DNA

53
Q

the attraction between two oppositely charged ions is called a/an

A

ionic bond

54
Q

polar covalent bonds are characterized by

A

unequal sharing of electrons

55
Q

how does a molecule differ from a compound

A

a molecule is a group of two or more atoms bonded together and a compound is a substance
formed by two or more different types of elements, all compounds are molecules
but not all molecules are compounds.

Bio 181 (2 decks)

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