chapters 1-2

Question 1

define deductive reasoning

Answer 1

when general observations and premises lead to specific results and predictions

Question 2

describe electrons and their charge

Answer 2

electrons are subatomic particles that determine the chemical reactions and have a negative charge

Question 3

order of the first three steps of the scientific method

Answer 3

observe, hypothesis, and experiment

Question 4

order of the last three steps of the scientific method

Answer 4

analysis, conclusion, and communicate results

Question 5

define ionic bond

Answer 5

the attraction between two oppositely charged ions

Question 6

which bond is easily broken

Answer 6

hydrogen bond

Question 7

define polar covalent bonds

Answer 7

bonds with unequal sharing of electrons

Question 8

water is a ____ molecule

Answer 8

polar

Question 9

define biology

Answer 9

the scientific study of life, also known as a multidisciplinary science drawing on insights from other sciences

Question 10

what are the five unifying themes in biology

Answer 10

organization, information, energy and matter, interactions, and evolution

Question 11

what is the ecological organization from smallest to largest

Answer 11

molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and biosphere

Question 12

define biosphere

Answer 12

life on earth, atmosphere

Question 13

define ecosystem

Answer 13

all living things in a particular area

Question 14

define communities

Answer 14

group of organisms in a specific ecosystem

Question 15

define population

Answer 15

individuals of a species living in a specific area

Question 16

define organisms

Answer 16

individual living things composed of matter

Question 17

define organs

Answer 17

body part made of tissues with specific function

Question 18

define tissues

Answer 18

group of cells that work together

Question 19

define cells

Answer 19

life’s fundamental unit of structure and function, all cells are membrane bound

Question 20

define organelles

Answer 20

functional components of a cell

Question 21

define molecules

Answer 21

chemical structure

Question 22

what is the cell theory

Answer 22

all living organisms are made from cells

Question 23

define eukarya cells

Answer 23

includes all eukaryotic organisms; including plants, fungi, animals, protists

Question 24

define prokaryote cells

Answer 24

known as cells of bacteria and archaea

Question 25

define inquiry

Answer 25

the search for information and explanations of natural phenomena

Question 26

define inductive reasoning

Answer 26

repeating specific observations can lead to important generalizations, draws conclusions through logical process of induction

Question 27

define controlled experiment

Answer 27

compares an experimental group with a control group, the control groups are used to cancel the effects of unwanted variables, this does not mean that all unwanted variables are kept constant

Question 28

dependent variable versus the independent variable

Answer 28

the independent variable (x-axis) is the cause, and the dependent variable (y-axis) is the effect; the independent variable is being controlled and the dependent variable is the one that changes because of the control

Question 29

define theory

Answer 29

broader scope than a hypothesis, general and can lead to new testable hypotheses, supported by a large body of evidence in comparison to a hypotheses

Question 30

define matter

Answer 30

matter takes up space and has mass, made up of elements

Question 31

define element

Answer 31

substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions

Question 32

define compound

Answer 32

a substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio

Question 33

what determines an atom's identity

Answer 33

the number of protons

Question 34

what does an atom's electron distribution determine

Answer 34

its ability to form bonds

Question 35

what are the four main elements that make up 96% of all living matter

Answer 35

hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen

Question 36

what are the three subatomic particles and their charges

Answer 36

neutrons (neutral charge n0) protons (positive charge p+) electrons (negative charge e-)

Question 37

how do you find an elements atomic number

Answer 37

the number of protons

Question 38

how do you find an elements mass number

Answer 38

the sum of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus

Question 39

how do you find an elements atomic mass

Answer 39

approximated by the mass number

Question 40

define valence electrons

Answer 40

the electrons located at the outermost shell of an atom, elements with a full valence shell are chemically inert

Question 41

define isotopes

Answer 41

two atoms of an element that differ in the number of neutrons

Question 42

define radioactive isotopes

Answer 42

isotopes that decay spontaneously, giving off particles and energy

Question 43

define covalent bonds

Answer 43

the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms, nonpolar is equal sharing and polar is unequal sharing

Question 44

define electronegativity

Answer 44

an atoms attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond

Question 45

strongest bonds in organisms

Answer 45

covalent bonds

Question 46

weak bonds in organisms include

Answer 46

ionic and hydrogen bonds

Question 47

define hydrogen bond

Answer 47

when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom

Question 48

explain van der waals interactions

Answer 48

attractions between molecules that are close together as a result of these charges, interactions can be strong

Question 49

define reactants and products

Answer 49

reactants are starting molecules and products are final molecules

Question 50

what are the three domains of life

Answer 50

bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes

Question 51

two important qualities of a scientific hypothesis

Answer 51

must be testable and falsifiable

Question 52

biological science cannot be done without

Answer 52

DNA

Question 53

the attraction between two oppositely charged ions is called a/an

Answer 53

ionic bond

Question 54

polar covalent bonds are characterized by

Answer 54

unequal sharing of electrons

Question 55

how does a molecule differ from a compound

Answer 55

a molecule is a group of two or more atoms bonded together and a compound is a substance formed by two or more different types of elements, all compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds.