Chapters 1-2-12 Flashcards
health effects classified as (3)
1) Acute
2) Chronic
3) carcinogen
CAA
Clean Air act
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency
NAAQS
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
SIPs
State Implementation Plans
List Air Pollutants
1) PM- mixture small liquid or solid particles in air
2) Sulfur Dioxide (S02)- released from combustion of coal MAY UNDERGO CHEMICAL REACTION CAUSING ACID RAIN
3) Carbon Monoxide- Fossil fuel burned
4) NO2- From fuel combustion- at hight temperature NO oxidizes and forms NO2
5) OZONE O3- transportation sector main source- oxidant- smog
6) Lead- Bioaccumulation… from smelting
HAPs
Hazardous air pollutants
MACT
Maximum Available control technology
TRI
toxic release inventory
What is stratospheric ozone depletion
stratosphere absorbs UV-B rays, but as halocarbons are emitted to the atmosphere, they reduce the amount of ozone and more UV-B pass
Explain Greenhouse gases
solar energy from sin at short wavelengths that are partially absorbed by earth’s surface. warmed surfaces radiate energy back and this energy gets trapped in the atmosphere at longer wavelengths. the balance of this phenomenon determines temperature
avg. temperature on earth
15
GWP
Global warming potential
Main Greenhouse gases
CO2- 85%
CH4- 10%
halocarbons, N20 (laughing gas), O3 (ozone)
Major Water contaminants (9)
1) Pathogens - bacteria, viruses
2) Organic Waste- Human waste & animal excrement…
3) Nutrients- Nitrogen & Phosphorus used in fertilizers and detergents increase quantity algae…. Depletion of dissolved oxygen
4) Toxic Organic Chemicals - PESTICIDES, VOCs
5) Toxic Metals- lead form old pipes
6) Suspended Solids- sun cant go through and vegetation cant survive
7) acidity- biological processes impaired
8) SALTS
9) Heat- biological processes impaired at high temperature
TSS
Total Suspended Solids
TDS
Total dissolved solids
SWDA
SAFE WATER DRINKING ACT, established by EPA
MCLs
Max. contaminant levels
FWPCA
Federal water Pollution Control Act
Name the 3 Obstacles to clean groundwater
1) Petroleum
2) Nitrates From Fertilizers
3) Abandoned Chemical Waste dumps
Hazardous wastes are described by:
1) IGNITABILITY
2) CORROSIVITY- STRONG ACID BASES
3) REACTIVITY- STRONG REACTIONS
4) TOXICITY- ABILITY TO THREATEN WATER AND SOIL
TCLP
toxicity characteristic Leaching procedure
CERCLA
comprehensive environmental response, compensation, liability act
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTES
1) Trash
2) MSW- Municipal waste
3) Industrial wastes
AEC
Atomic Energy Commission
Name the 4 types of radioactive wastes
1) High lever—- MOST DANGEROUS
2) Transuranic – HEAVIER THAN URANIUM, from weapon production
3) Low level (LLW)- 3 classes A,B,C—- C most dangerous
4) Uranium Mill tailings– largest volume
What is climate??
“Average weather” over 30 year span…. determined by complex interactions of many factors
Heat flux
radiative energy per surface area ( FROM SUN)
Tropopause
Upper boundary of troposphere
what is radiative forcing?
delta F= delta q… depends on wavelength, speed and frequency…
what would be the temp. without greenhouse gases
-19
what is the climate sensitivity factor
ratio of final Temp. change to change in radiative forcing…. very important since it relates radiative forces linked to greenhouse to change in earth’s temp.
Name the 4 factors that affect CO2 emissions growth
1) Population growth per year
2) GDP per Capita
3) Energy intensity… Energy used per GDP
4) CO2 emissions per unit energy… how energy is generated
what is carbon sequestration
natural ability of biomass to absorb CO2 form the atmosphere
main source CO2
burning fossil fuels
HHV
Higher heating value
LHV
Lower heating value
Environmental ENGR
study of engineering solutions to environment problems
what is industrial ecology
means by which humanity can approach and maintain a certain carrying capacity
Major gas emitted from landfill?
CH4–60%
Pollutants responsible for ground level Ozone
VOCs and NOx… enter in contact with sun rays and create chemical reaction
which are most energy? UV-C,B or A?
UV-C
Name the rays in order form strong to low
gamma- xrays- ultraviolet- visible light-infrared- microwaves-radio
Name activities impacting air quality
1) Fossil Fuel Combustion
2) Metal Smelting
3) Transportation
4) CFCs
Name activities impacting soil
1) deforestation
2) human wastes
3) agriculture
4) uranium mill tailings
Primary vs. Secondary water quality standards?
Primary: Designed to protect public health
Secondary: guidelines for public welfare
Smoke vs. Smog?
Smoke: Gases from burning carbon containing elements
Smog: Produced by the formation of O3, the reaction of so2 and nox in the atmosphere
wavelength for ultraviolet?
100nm
wavelength infrared?
10 micro meters
Avg. production of solid waste per capita per day
100kg
what is the atmospheric window?
In one small region of spectrum, where little absortion occurs. radiation from earth go directly through atmosphere
Advantage of Biomass energy?
Produces almost no SO2 and helps with acid rain
carbon content of natural gas?
74%
Carbon content of crude oil?
85%
carbon content of coal?
59%
What are the two modes of radiative Forcing?
1) Increased Solar Energy input
2) increased aerosol particles
BOD
Biological oxygen demand
COD
Chemical Oxygen Demand
VOC
Volatile Organic COmpound
RCRA
Resource conservation and recovery act
IPCC
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
CFC
Chlorofluorocarbon
What is Green Engineering
thinking about the consequences of Processes and materials and energy use before designing to minimize environmental impact
