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Being Mortal > Chapters 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Chapters 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

When did Atul Gawande meet his wife Kathleen?

A

1985

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2
Q

Where was Kathleen from?

A

Alexandria, Virginia

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3
Q

How old was Alice Hobson in 1985?

A

77

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4
Q

Where did Alice Hobson live?

A

Greencastle Street, Arlington, Virginia

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5
Q

What kind of car did Alice Hobson drive?

A

V8 Chevrolet Impala

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6
Q

What was different about Alice Hobson compared to Sitaram Gawande?

A

Alice Hobson lived completely by herself and did everything independently, while Sitaram lived with his extended family, who took care of him.

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7
Q

Where did Sitaram Gawande come from?

A

Uti (300 miles from Mumbai)

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8
Q

How did Sitaram Gawande die?

A

subdural hematoma from falling off a bus

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9
Q

What did Rich Hobson’s medical history consist of?

A

angina, took nitroglycerin tablets,

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10
Q

When and what did the Rich Hobson die of?

A

1965, heart attack

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11
Q

In Europe, after the nuclear family replaced the extended family, who usually stayed with the parents during their old age?

A

The youngest daughter

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12
Q

Where did Emily Dickinson come from?

A

Amherst, Massachusetts

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13
Q

What does the term “age heaping” mean?

A

It’s a phenomenon in which people have always lied about their age.

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14
Q

Around when did age heaping reverse to people’s age becoming younger vs older?

A

During the mid 18th century

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15
Q

Which country was the first country with over 100 million elderly people?

A

China

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16
Q

Why do people no longer turn to the elderly for information about the world?

A

Because they have been replaced with new technology

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17
Q

What issue can occur to those living in a traditional household?

A

generational tension

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18
Q

What kind of benefits did children who stayed behind to help their parents get?

A

financial security, stability, gained more land/shares, etc.

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19
Q

What does a lot of economic prosperity rely on?

A

What does a lot of economic prosperity rely on?

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20
Q

What are some benefits to elderly people after the age of the independent self?

A

They were able to sell land, gain more savings, and retire

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21
Q

Who popularized the term “retirement community”?

A

Del Webb

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22
Q

What was Del Webb’s retirement community called and what did in include?
.

A

Sun City,

  • included a shopping mall,
  • recreational center
  • etc
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23
Q

How did the average age a mom had her last child change?

A

From menopause to 30 or younger

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24
Q

What term did a lot of elderly people prefer after living on their own during the age of the independent self?

A

“intimacy at a distance”

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25
Q

What did people view separation of families as?

A

Freedom

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26
Q

Where is Sun City located?

A

Phoenix, Arizona

27
Q

What is the biggest problem with the age of the independent self?

A

It doesn’t support the reality of old age (inevitable)

28
Q

What did the doctor prescribe Alice Hobson after she had fallen several times and began to feel confused?

A

Calcium for thinning bones

29
Q

What did Gobikabai Gawande die of and how old was she when she died?

A

malaria, 30 yrs old

30
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

a medical condition in which the bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue, typically as a result of hormonal changes, or deficiency of calcium or vitamin D.

31
Q

Over the course of their lifetime, how much mass do the muscles of the jaw lose?

A

40%

32
Q

How much mass do the bones of the mandible (lower jaw) lose over the course of a human lifetime?

A

20%

33
Q

For people over the age of 60,what fraction of teeth have they lost (living in US) on
average?

A

1/3

34
Q

After the age of 85, what percentage of people have no teeth at all?

A

40%

35
Q

What can help avert tooth loss?

A

Scrupulous dental care

36
Q

When the ability to chew declines and people shift to softer foods, why do they cause more cavities?

A

Softer foods have a higher amount of fermented carbs

37
Q

What is the hardest substance in the body?

A

white enamel

38
Q

What happens to salive and blood flow to the teeth as time increases?

A

Saliva diminishes & blood flow atrophies

39
Q

What happens to the gums of elderly people?

A

They become inflamed and pull away causing the

base of the teeth to become unstable.

40
Q

What has research said about predicting death from atherosclerotic disease (plaque
buildup on artery walls)?

A

loss of bone density is a better predictor than

cholesterol levels

41
Q

What happens to blood vessels, joints, muscles, and valves of the heart (& lungs) as
people age?

A

They pick up calcium and harden

42
Q

How many of us develop hypertension by the age of 65?

A

1/2

43
Q

When is the heart’s peak output?

A

the age of 30

44
Q

By what age does one lose a 1/4 and a 1/2 of their muscle

weight?

A

the age of 80

45
Q

By what age do people begin to lose muscle mass and power?

A

the age of 40

46
Q

How many joints does the hand have?

A

29

47
Q

How many named nerve branches does the hand have?

A

48

48
Q

Deterioration of ___________ in the
pads of fingers cause loss of
sensitivity to touch

A

cutaneous mechanoreceptors

49
Q

Where is 40% of muscle mass in your hands located?

A

thenar muscles

50
Q

From age 50, what percentage do people lose their bone

density each year?

A

1%

51
Q

What happens to the heart as blood vessels stiffen?

A

They increase blood pressure and the muscle walls thicken

52
Q

What can cause the joints of the hand to deteriorate?

A

osteoarthritis

53
Q

What is the difference in the musculature of the thenar muscles of the thumb in an
elderly person vs a young person?

A

Elderly people have flat muscles.

54
Q

What cause loss of dexterity in one’s hand?

A

loss of motor neurons

55
Q

What does loss of dexterity cause?

A

Loss of handwriting, speed, and vibrations

56
Q

How much does the brain weigh when a person is in their mid 30s?

A

3 lbs

57
Q

How much gray matter space is left in an elderly person’s brain cavity?

A

1 in

58
Q

What is the first part of the brain to shrink during old age?

A

frontal lobe

59
Q

What does the frontal lobe of the brain deal with?

A

judgement & planning

60
Q

What part of the brain deteriorates second?

A

hippocampus

61
Q

Due to the deterioration of the frontal lobe and hippocampus, what happens to people after mid-life?

A

They can no longer multi-task.

62
Q

When do processing speed begin to decrease?

A

before 40s

63
Q

What is the name of the worm/nematode that scientists used to experiment single gene alterations to increase lifespans?

A

C. elegans

Being Mortal (2 decks)

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