Chapters 1, 11, 12 Flashcards
Reasons to study animals
1 Ethical reasons- other subjects than humans, ethics committee reviews experiments
2. Learn more about humans- for example we are related to flies
3. Cost- animals are available and cheap
4. Control- researchers can have control over animals like when they eat or drink, the more they control the more precise they are
5. Knowledge of animal behavior- learn about the language and expression from animals
3.
What is psychology?
It is the study of behaviors.
Or
The scientific study of humans and other animals
Wilhelm Wundt
From Germany, and opened up first psychology lab and studied consciousness and borrowed introspection from philosophers. He was criticized cause he didn’t solve any problems of the day. His theory was to break experiences and mental structures into basic elements. (Structuralism)
William James
Psychologist, write principles of psychology in 1890 and in 1892 wrote a smaller version, consciousness was ever flowing and use what we know to adapt and survive.
Freud
Believed our mental life was an ice chunk. We are only aware of a little bit of it. Our behavior is influenced by our subconscious thoughts and very focused on aggression and sexuality
Behaviorism
Watson, Skinner, Thorndike,
Heredity
Genetics, the unchangeable factors when people are created
Environment
Surroundings, for better or for worst
Continuous development
Where changes occur continuously, development is stable, gradual changes
Stage development
Changes occur in stages, different behavior at every stage and difference between adult and kids are qualitatively different, an older person is better at thinking logically and symbolically than kids because of the stage they are in
Paget’s theory of Cognitive development
Four stages Sensorimotor Pre operational Concrete Operations Formal Operations
Sensory motor
(Birth to age 2) Key tasks Coordination of motor skills Development of memory (object permanence) Beginning language
Preoperatonal
(2 - 6/7 years) Acquisition of full language Concepts about physical objects Limited in terms of egocentrism and animism Does not have conservation skills
Concrete Operations
(6/7 - 11/12 years)
Develop conservation skills in all domains (mass, number, volume, ect)
All operations are applied to real objects (little scientist stage)
Understand reversibility
Classify objects on multiple dimensions
Formal Operations
(11/12 - 16/17 years on)
Ability to think in future terms and to think abstractly
Can hypothesize and use deduction to test hypotheses
Structuralism
Approach to psychology that attempted trip break down experience into its basic elements or structures using a technique called introspection in which subjects provided scientific reports of perceptual experiences
Functionalism
Approach to psychology that emphasized the functional practical nature of the mind. Influenced by Darwin’s theory of natural selection, they attempted to learn how mental processes such a learning, thinking and perceiving helped people adapt
Behaviorism (definition)
Scientific approach to the study of behavior that emphasizes the relationship between environmental events and an organism’s behavior
Gestalt Pyschology
Approach to Pyschology, which argues that the whole of an experience is different from the sum of its parts
Humanistic psychology
Emphasizes the role of free choice and our ability to make conscious decisions about how we live our lives
Cognitive psychology
Focuses on the ways in which organisms process information and investigates the processes such as thinking, creativity, memory, language, problem solving, language, and memory
Developmental pyschology
Field of specialization in psychology concerned with factors that influence development and shape behavior throughout the life cycle from conception to old age
Social psychology
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