Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

SP25 DCEC RNSG 1441 > Chapter_058 Male Reproductive Problems > Flashcards

Chapter_058 Male Reproductive Problems Flashcards

1
Q

What is Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)?

A

Enlargement of the prostate gland leading to disruption of urine outflow from bladder through urethra.

Almost 50% of men will have signs of BPH by age 50; 70% by ages 60 to 69.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) associated with BPH?

A
  • Difficulty starting a urine stream
  • Decreased/weaker flow of urine
  • Urinary frequency

Symptoms worsen as obstruction increases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What hormonal changes may contribute to BPH?

A
  • Excessive accumulation of DHT in prostate cells
  • Increased proportion of estrogen over testosterone in blood

Hormonal changes from aging process may contribute.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In which part of the prostate does BPH develop?

A

Develops in the inner part of the prostate—’transition zone’.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the risk factors for BPH?

A
  • Aging
  • Obesity
  • Lack of physical activity
  • High intake of red meat and animal fat
  • Alcohol use
  • Erectile dysfunction (ED)
  • Smoking
  • Diabetes
  • Family history

First-degree relative is significant.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are irritative symptoms of LUTS?

A
  • Nocturia
  • Urinary frequency
  • Urgency
  • Dysuria
  • Bladder pain
  • Incontinence

Inflammation or infection may cause these symptoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are obstructive symptoms of LUTS?

A
  • Decrease in caliber and force of urinary stream
  • Difficulty initiating a stream
  • Intermittency
  • Dribbling at end of urination

Caused by prostate enlargement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the purpose of the AUA-SI for BPH?

A

To assess voiding symptoms and provide guidelines for treatment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is acute urinary retention?

A

Sudden and painful inability to urinate.

Treatment involves catheter insertion or surgery if severe.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What complications can arise from BPH?

A
  • Urinary tract infections (UTI)
  • Pyelonephritis
  • Sepsis
  • Bladder calculi
  • Renal failure

Caused by hydronephrosis or bladder damage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What diagnostic studies are used for BPH?

A
  • Digital rectal exam (DRE)
  • Urinalysis
  • PSA level
  • Serum creatinine
  • Renal ultrasound
  • Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)
  • Uroflowmetry
  • Cystoscopy
  • Urodynamic studies

Includes assessments for size, symmetry, and consistency.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the goals of treatment for BPH?

A
  • Restore bladder drainage
  • Relieve symptoms
  • Prevent/treat complications.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the two main classes of drug therapy for BPH?

A
  • 5α-Reductase inhibitors
  • α-adrenergic receptor blockers

More effective when used in combination.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the function of 5α-Reductase inhibitors?

A

Blocks enzyme necessary for conversion of testosterone to DHT, decreasing the size of the prostate gland.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are some examples of 5α-Reductase inhibitors?

A
  • Finasteride (Proscar)
  • Dutasteride (Avodart)
  • Jalyn (finasteride plus tamsulosin).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the role of α-adrenergic receptor blockers?

A

Promote smooth muscle relaxation and facilitate urinary flow through urethra.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are some examples of α-adrenergic receptor blockers?

A
  • Alfuzosin (Uroxatral)
  • Doxazosin (Cardura)
  • Prazosin (Minipress)
  • Terazosin (Hytrin)
  • Tamsulosin (Flomax)
  • Silodosin (Rapaflo).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is photoselective vaporization of the prostate (PVP)?

A

Laser light used to vaporize prostate tissue, works well for larger prostate glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is transurethral microwave therapy (TUMT)?

A

Outpatient procedure delivering heat via microwaves directly to prostate to relieve obstruction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the goal of invasive treatments for BPH?

A

Surgical removal of prostate tissue to relieve obstruction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)?

A

Gold standard for obstructing BPH; surgical removal of prostate tissue through urethra.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are potential postoperative complications of TURP?

A
  • Bleeding
  • Bladder spasms
  • Urinary incontinence
  • Infection.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the preoperative goals for patients undergoing TURP?

A
  • Restore urinary drainage
  • Resolve UTI
  • Understand upcoming procedure and implications for sexual function.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What should be assessed in postoperative care for TURP?

A
  • Complications such as bleeding, bladder spasms, urinary incontinence, and infection.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the recommended frequency for PSA screening in men aged 55 to 69?
Every 2 years.
26
What lifestyle changes can help manage BPH symptoms?
* Avoid alcohol and caffeine * Maintain normal fluid intake * Urinate every 2 to 3 hours.
27
What is the purpose of digital rectal exam (DRE) in BPH assessment?
To evaluate the size, symmetry, and consistency of the prostate.
28
What is postoperative bladder irrigation for TURP?
Use of a 2-way or 3-way foley catheter to remove blood clots and ensure drainage of urine ## Footnote Manual, intermittent irrigation may involve instilling and withdrawing 50 mL of irrigating solution.
29
What should be monitored postoperatively for TURP?
Bleeding; expect blood clots for 24 to 36 hours post-op ## Footnote Large amounts of bright red blood may indicate catheter displacement or increased abdominal pressure.
30
What causes bleeding after TURP surgery?
Release or displacement of catheter leading to loss of counterpressure on operative site ## Footnote Increased abdominal pressure can also contribute.
31
What are bladder spasms after TURP?
Irritation of bladder mucosa ## Footnote Treatments include belladonna and opium suppositories, antispasmodics, and relaxation techniques.
32
When should the catheter be removed after TURP?
2 to 4 days after surgery ## Footnote Voiding trial is conducted; if unable to urinate, reinsert catheter.
33
What are Kegel exercises used for after TURP?
To strengthen sphincter tone ## Footnote Continence may take up to 12 months.
34
What should be observed for post-TURP?
Signs of infection ## Footnote Avoid rectal procedures and prevent straining.
35
What are common categories of prostatitis?
1. Acute bacterial prostatitis 2. Chronic bacterial prostatitis 3. Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome 4. Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis ## Footnote 2 million treated/year.
36
What are the most common organisms causing bacterial prostatitis?
*Escherichia coli *Klebsiella *Pseudomonas *Enterobacter *Proteus *Chlamydia trachomatis *Neisseria gonorrhoeae *Group D streptococci
37
What are the manifestations of acute prostatitis?
*Fever *Chills *Back and perineal pain *Dysuria *Frequency *Urgency *Cloudy urine *Acute urinary retention ## Footnote DRE shows swollen, tender, boggy prostate.
38
What complications can arise from prostatitis?
*Epididymitis *Cystitis *Sexual function issues ## Footnote May include post-ejaculation pain, libido problems, and ED.
39
What is the treatment duration for acute bacterial prostatitis?
Up to 4 weeks ## Footnote Chronic bacterial prostatitis may require 8 to 12 weeks or lifetime treatment if immunocompromised.
40
What is the recommended management for acute urinary retention?
Urinary catheter is contraindicated; suprapubic catheter may be needed ## Footnote Increase fluid intake and avoid ejaculation.
41
What is hypospadias?
Urethral meatus is on the ventral surface of the penis ## Footnote Causes may include hormonal influences, environmental factors, and genetic factors.
42
What is phimosis?
Tightness or constriction around the head of the penis ## Footnote Treatment may involve topical corticosteroids or circumcision.
43
What is paraphimosis?
Inability to return retracted foreskin to its normal position ## Footnote It is a urologic emergency due to compromised blood flow.
44
What is priapism?
Painful erection lasting more than 4 hours ## Footnote Associated with conditions like sickle cell disease and spinal cord trauma.
45
What is Peyronie’s disease?
Plaque formation in the corpora cavernosa leading to curvature during erection ## Footnote Treatment options include injections to avoid surgery.
46
What is cryptorchidism?
Undescended testes ## Footnote Corrective surgery is recommended by age 2 to reduce infertility risk.
47
What is a hydrocele?
Nontender, fluid-filled mass from altered lymphatic drainage of the scrotum ## Footnote Diagnosis is done through transillumination.
48
What is a spermatocele?
Firm, sperm-containing cyst of the epididymis ## Footnote Diagnosis is also through transillumination.
49
What is testicular torsion?
Twisting of the spermatic cord that supplies blood to the testes ## Footnote It is a surgical emergency requiring prompt treatment.
50
What are the symptoms of testicular torsion?
*Severe scrotal pain *Tenderness *Swelling *Nausea *Vomiting ## Footnote Pain does not decrease with rest or elevation.
51
What is the purpose of a vasectomy?
Bilateral surgical ligation or resection of the ductus deferens for sterilization ## Footnote Although intended to be permanent, reversals are common.
52
What should be monitored after a vasectomy?
Ejaculate appearance remains similar; alternate contraception required until no sperm in semen ## Footnote Sperm cells are reabsorbed by the body.
53
What are common risk factors for erectile dysfunction (ED)?
*Diabetes *Vascular disease *Medication side effects *Chronic illness *Stress *Relationship issues *Depression
54
What are the clinical manifestations of erectile dysfunction?
Inability to attain or maintain an erection ## Footnote Can be associated with distress in relationships and self-concept.
55
What is the self-report of inability to attain or maintain?
Erection ## Footnote This condition may be occasional or continual with either gradual or sudden onset.
56
What are the associations of gradual onset of erectile dysfunction?
Physiologic factors ## Footnote Gradual onset is typically linked to physical health issues.
57
What are the associations of sudden onset of erectile dysfunction?
Psychologic factors ## Footnote Sudden onset often relates to psychological issues.
58
What common conditions may younger men with erectile dysfunction have?
Diabetes, HTN, depression, cholesterol abnormalities ## Footnote These are significant health factors affecting younger men.
59
What is the impact of erectile dysfunction on personal relationships?
Leads to distress in interpersonal relationships and self-concept ## Footnote Emotional issues such as anger, anxiety, and depression may also arise.
60
What is the first step in diagnosing erectile dysfunction?
Sexual, health, and psychosocial history ## Footnote Questionnaires like the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) are primary screening tools.
61
What does the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) assess?
* Erectile function * Orgasmic function * Sexual desire * Intercourse satisfaction * Overall satisfaction ## Footnote This index is crucial for evaluating erectile dysfunction.
62
What tests may be done based on findings of erectile dysfunction?
* Serum glucose * Hemoglobin A1C * Lipid profile * Hormone levels (testosterone, prolactin, LH, thyroid) * PSA level and CBC ## Footnote These tests help rule out underlying conditions like diabetes.
63
What is the goal of treatment for erectile dysfunction?
Patient and partner to achieve a satisfactory sexual relationship ## Footnote Treatment should address the underlying cause.
64
What type of therapy may be recommended for psychologic issues related to erectile dysfunction?
Refer to sex therapist for counseling ## Footnote Emotional support and confidentiality are essential.
65
What are some examples of erectogenic drugs?
* Avanafil (Stendra) * Sildenafil (Viagra) * Tadalafil (Cialis) * Vardenafil (Levitra, Staxyn) ## Footnote These drugs promote penile erection by increasing blood flow.
66
What are common side effects of PDE5 inhibitors?
* Headaches * Leg/back pain * Dyspepsia * Flushing * Nasal congestion ## Footnote Rare side effects include blurred vision and sudden hearing loss.
67
What is a vacuum erection device (VED)?
Suction device applied to flaccid penis to produce erection ## Footnote It retains venous blood to maintain erection.
68
What is the purpose of penile implants?
Provide erection firm enough for penetration ## Footnote Surgical implantation is required, and complications may include infection.
69
What is 'late onset hypogonadism'?
Gradual decline in androgen secretion as males age ## Footnote Primarily refers to a decrease in testosterone.
70
What are manifestations of hypogonadism?
* Decreased libido * Fatigue * ED * Depression and mood swings * Sleep problems ## Footnote Long-term effects include decreased muscle mass and strength.
71
What is testosterone replacement therapy (TRT)?
Treatment for testosterone levels less than 300 ng/dL with manifestations ## Footnote Monitoring is essential due to potential risks.
72
What are some forms of testosterone replacement therapy?
* Injection * Transdermal * Topical * Buccal * Intranasal ## Footnote Each form has specific administration methods and side effects.
73
What is the definition of infertility?
Inability to conceive after 1 year of frequent, unprotected intercourse ## Footnote Infertility is a disorder of a couple, not just one partner.
74
What are the categories of physical causes of male infertility?
* Pretesticular * Testicular * Post-testicular ## Footnote Each category has different underlying issues.
75
What is the most common testicular cause of infertility?
Varicocele ## Footnote Other causes include infection and congenital abnormalities.
76
What diagnostic studies are important for evaluating infertility?
* Health history * Semen analysis * Hormone studies * Physical examination ## Footnote These assessments help identify potential causes of infertility.
77
What are some treatment options for male infertility?
* Drugs * Conservative lifestyle changes * In vitro fertilization * Corrective surgery * Counseling ## Footnote Addressing lifestyle factors can also improve fertility chances.

SP25 DCEC RNSG 1441 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions