Chapter7 States Of Consciousness

Question 0

Biological rhythms

Answer 0

periodic physiological fluctuations.

Question 1

Consciousness

Answer 1

our awareness of ourselves and our environment.

Question 2

Circadian rhythm

Answer 2

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle.

Question 3

REM sleep

Answer 3

rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems stay active.

Question 4

Alpha waves

Answer 4

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state.

Question 5

Sleep

Answer 5

periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness—as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation.

Question 6

Hallucinations

Answer 6

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.

Question 7

Delta waves

Answer 7

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.

Question 8

Insomnia

Answer 8

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.

Question 9

Narcolepsy

Answer 9

a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.

Question 10

Sleep apnea

Answer 10

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.

Question 11

Night terrors

Answer 11

a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered.

Question 12

Dream

Answer 12

a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer’s delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it.

Question 13

Manifest content

Answer 13

according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content).

Question 14

Latent content

Answer 14

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content). Freud believed that a dream’s latent content functions as a safety valve.

Question 15

REM rebound

Answer 15

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep).

Question 16

Hypnosis

Answer 16

a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.

Question 17

Posthypnotic suggestion

Answer 17

a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors.

Question 18

Dissociation

Answer 18

a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others.

Question 19

Psychoactive drug

Answer 19

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood.

Question 20

Tolerance

Answer 20

the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect.

Question 21

Withdrawal

Answer 21

the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug.

Question 22

Physical dependence

Answer 22

a psychological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued.

Question 23

Psychological dependence

Answer 23

a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions.

Question 24

Addiction

Answer 24

compulsive drug craving and use.

Question 25

Depressants

Answer 25

drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions.

Question 26

Barbiturates

Answer 26

drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment.

Question 27

Opiates

Answer 27

opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.

Question 28

Stimulants

Answer 28

drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.

Question 29

Amphetamines

Answer 29

drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes.

Question 30

Methamphetamine

Answer 30

a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels.

Question 31

Ecstasy (MDMA)

Answer 31

a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition.

Question 32

Hallucigens

Answer 32

psychedelic (“mind-manifesting”) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.

Question 33

LSD

Answer 33

a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide).

Question 34

THC

Answer 34

the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.

Question 35

Near-death experiences

Answer 35

an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations.

Question 36

Dualism

Answer 36

the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact.

Question 37

Monism

Answer 37

the presumption that mind and body are separate aspects of the same thing.